The risk of subsequent osteoporotic fractures is decreased in subjects experiencing fracture while on denosumab: results from the FREEDOM and FREEDOM Extension studies.

This post-hoc analysis queried whether women experiencing fracture on denosumab indicates inadequate treatment response or whether the risk of subsequent fracture remains low with continuing denosumab. Results showed that denosumab decreases the risk of subsequent fracture and fracture sustained while on denosumab is not necessarily indicative of inadequate treatment response. INTRODUCTION: This analysis assessed whether a fracture sustained during denosumab therapy indicates inadequate treatment response and if the risk of a subsequent fracture decreases with continuing denosumab treatment. METHODS: In FREEDOM, a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of denosumab, postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to placebo or denosumab for 3 years. In the 7-year FREEDOM Extension, all participants were allocated to receive denosumab. Here we compare subsequent osteoporotic fracture rates between denosumab-treated subjects during FREEDOM or the Extension and placebo-treated subjects in FREEDOM. RESULTS: During FREEDOM, 438 placebo- and 272 denosumab-treated subjects had an osteoporotic fracture. Exposure-adjusted subject incidence per 100 subject-years was lower for denosumab (6.7) vs placebo (10.1). Combining all subjects on denosumab from FREEDOM and the Extension for up to 10 years (combined denosumab), 794 (13.7%) had an osteoporotic fracture while on denosumab. Of these, one or more subsequent fractures occurred in 144 (18.1%) subjects, with an exposure-adjusted incidence of 5.8 per 100 subject-years, similar to FREEDOM denosumab (6.7 per 100 subject-years) and lower than FREEDOM placebo (10.1 per 100 subject-years). Adjusting for prior fracture, the risk of having a subsequent on-study osteoporotic fracture was lower in the combined denosumab group vs placebo (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.59 [0.43-0.81]; P = 0.0012). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that denosumab decreases the risk of subsequent fracture and a fracture sustained while on denosumab is not necessarily indicative of inadequate treatment response.

Spanish consensus on treat to target for osteoporosis.

To reach a Spanish expert consensus on a treat-to-target strategy in osteoporosis, a Delphi Consensus Study has been developed. Most of the experts (59.8%) were rheumatologist with a mean clinical experience of 21.3 years (SD 8.5). Consensus was achieved for 70% of the items. Therapeutic objectives, patient follow-up scheme, treatment failure criteria, and appropriate treatment choice for use in T2T strategy in Spain have been defined. INTRODUCTION: The paper aims to achieve a Spanish expert consensus on a treat-to-target (T2T) strategy in osteoporosis. METHODS: A scientific committee led the project and was involved in expert panel identification and Delphi questionnaire development. Two Delphi rounds were completed. The first-round questionnaire included 24 items and assessed, using a seven-point Likert scale, the experts' wish (W) and prognosis (P) in 5 years for each topic (applicability, therapeutic objectives, patient follow-up, and possible treatment to be prescribed). Items for which there was no consensus in the first round were included in the second round. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement (somewhat/mostly/entirely agree) or disagreement (somewhat/mostly/entirely disagree) responses. RESULTS: Of the experts, 112 and 106 completed the first and second rounds, respectively. 59.8% were rheumatologists with a mean clinical experience of 21.3 years (SD 8.5). Consensus was achieved for 70% of the items, and was established regarding the utility of a T2T strategy to define therapeutic objectives, optimal follow-up, and therapeutic algorithm. Participants agreed on the utility of the bone mineral density (BMD) value (T-score >-2.5 SD for spine and >-2.5/-2.0 SD for femoral neck), lack of fractures, and fracture risk (FRAX) as therapeutic objectives. For measuring BMD changes, consensus was achieved on the suitability of hip and femoral neck locations. Experts agreed to consider treatment failure as when a significant BMD gain could not be achieved, or when a new fracture occurs within 2-3 years. There was consensus that all proposed therapies should achieve a therapeutic target through T2T strategy (treatments with the highest consensus scores were denosumab and teriparatide). CONCLUSION: The therapeutic objectives, patient follow-up scheme, treatment failure criteria, and appropriate treatment choice for use in T2T strategy in Spain have been established by a panel of experts. Some aspects nevertheless still require further analysis.

Insulin degludec improves long-term glycaemic control similarly to insulin glargine but with fewer hypoglycaemic episodes in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus insulin therapy.

The aim of the present study was to compare the long-term safety and efficacy of insulin degludec with those of insulin glargine in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes (T2D) over 78 weeks (the 52-week main trial and a 26-week extension). Patients were randomized to once-daily insulin degludec or insulin glargine, with mealtime insulin aspart ± metformin ± pioglitazone, and titrated to pre-breakfast plasma glucose values of 3.9-4.9 mmol/l (70-88 mg/dl). After 78 weeks, the overall rate of hypoglycaemia was 24% lower (p = 0.011) and the rate of nocturnal hypoglycaemia was 31% lower (p = 0.016) with insulin degludec in the extension trial set, while both groups of patients achieved similar glycaemic control. Rates of adverse events and total insulin doses were similar for both groups in the safety analysis set. During 18 months of treatment, insulin degludec + mealtime insulin aspart ± oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with T2D improves glycaemic control similarly, but confers lower risks of overall and nocturnal hypoglycaemia than with insulin glargine treatment.

Sclerostin serum levels in prostate cancer patients and their relationship with sex steroids.

UNLABELLED: The role of sclerostin on bone metabolism and its relation to sex steroids in patients with prostate cancer (PC) is not well known. We found that sclerostin levels are significantly increased in PC patients, particularly in those with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and there is an inverse relationship between sclerostin levels and testosterone. INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have evaluated sclerostin levels in bone diseases as osteoporosis. However, there are few data in PC patients, particularly in patients with hypogonadism related to ADT. The aim of the present study was to compare serum sclerostin levels in ADT/non-ADT-treated PC patients and healthy controls and to evaluate their relationship with sex steroids and bone metabolism. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study involving 81 subjects: 25 ADT-treated PC patients, 34 PC patients without ADT treatment, and 22 healthy controls. We measured serum sclerostin levels, bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD) in all individuals, and sex steroids levels in PC patients. RESULTS: Serum sclerostin levels were significantly higher in PC patients compared to those in control subjects. ADT-treated patients had significantly higher sclerostin levels than PC patients without ADT treatment: ADT 64.52 ± 27.21 pmol/L, non-ADT 48.24 ± 15.93 pmol/L, healthy controls 38.48 ± 9.19 pmol/L, p < 0.05. In PC patients, we found a negative relationship between serum sclerostin levels and androgens after age adjustment (total testosterone: r = -0.309, p = 0.029; bioavailable testosterone: r = -0.280, p = 0.049; free testosterone: r = -0.299, p = 0.035). We did not observe any relationship between sclerostin levels and bone turnover markers or BMD in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating sclerostin levels are significantly increased in patients with PC and particularly in those receiving ADT. The inverse relationship between serum sclerostin and testosterone in these patients suggests that androgens are key regulators of bone metabolism in this population.

SHBG levels are associated with bone loss and vertebral fractures in patients with prostate cancer.

SUMMARY: Fractures are increased among prostate cancer patients. No data have been reported in patients with prostate cancer about the relation between serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and bone metabolism. We found that SHBG levels were inversely related to bone mass and vertebral fractures in this population. INTRODUCTION: Fractures are increased among prostate cancer patients, especially those on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but few data are available on the role of SHBG in their bone status. Our objective was to analyze the relation between serum SHBG and bone metabolism in prostate cancer patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study including 91 subjects with prostate cancer (54 % with ADT). We measured serum levels of SHBG and sex steroids, bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and prevalent radiographic vertebral fractures. RESULTS: SHBG levels were inversely related to BMD (femoral neck: r = -0.299, p = 0.00; total hip: r = -0.259, p = 0.019). Subjects with osteoporosis had higher SHBG concentrations than patients without osteoporosis (60.97 ± 39.56 vs 44.45 ± 23.32 nmol/l, p = 0.022). Patients with SHBG levels in the first quartile (>57.6 nmol/l) had an odds ratio (OR) for osteoporosis of 2.59 (95 % CI, 1.30-5.12; p = 0.009) compared with patients with lower SHBG levels. In patients with SHBG >57.6 nmol/l, the OR for vertebral fractures was 2.34 (95 % CI, 1.15-4.78; p = 0.034). The calculated OR was higher after adjustment for age (OR, 5.16; 95 % CI, 1.09-24.49; p = 0.039), estrogens (OR, 6.45; 95 % CI, 1.44-28.95; p = 0.023), and androgens (OR, 5.51; 95 % CI, 1.36-22.37; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: In prostate cancer patients, SHBG levels were inversely related to bone mass and vertebral fractures. Determination of the serum SHBG level may constitute a useful and straightforward marker for predicting the severity of osteoporosis in these patients.

Improved adherence with PTH(1-84) in an extension trial for 24 months results in enhanced BMD gains in the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of PTH(1-84) treatment over 24 months followed by 12 months discontinuation on BMD, bone turnover markers, fractures and the impact of adherence on efficacy. INTRODUCTION: There is limited information about the effect of PTH(1-84) after 18 months and limited data about the impact of compliance on response to anabolic therapy. METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty-one subjects who received active PTH(1-84) in the Treatment of Osteoporosis with Parathyroid hormone trial for approximately 18 months were entered into a 6-month open-label extension. Thereafter, they were followed for 12 additional months after discontinuation of treatment. Endpoints examined included changes in BMD and biochemical markers. RESULTS: PTH(1-84) treatment over 24 months increased BMD at the lumbar spine by 6.8% above baseline (p<0.05).The total corresponding BMD increases at the hip and femoral neck were 1.1 and 2.2% above baseline. Larger increases in spine BMD were observed in participants with ≥80% adherence to daily injections of PTH(1-84) (8.3% in adherent vs 4.9% in poorly adherent patients). Total hip BMD gains were 1.7% in adherent vs 0.6% in poorly adherent participants. Markers of bone turnover (BSAP and NTx) peaked 6 months after starting PTH(1-84) treatment and declined slowly but remained above baseline at 24 months. After discontinuation of PTH(1-84) treatment (at 24 months), bone turnover markers returned to near baseline levels by 30 months. The adherent group sustained significantly fewer fractures than the poorly adherent group. CONCLUSIONS: PTH(1-84) treatment over 24 months results in continued increases in lumbar spine BMD. Adherence to treatment with PTH(1-84) for up to 24 months is also associated with greater efficacy.

Serum osteoprotegerin: bone or cardiovascular marker in Type 2 diabetes males?

BACKGROUND: The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) as a marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not well established. Moreover, the relationship between OPG, osteoporosis, and vertebral fractures in T2DM remains to be elucidated. AIM: To determine the role of serum OPG in the prediction of CVD and bone disease in T2DM males. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 68 males, 43 with T2DM and 25 subjects without diabetes. We measured: serum OPG by inmunoassay, the presence of CVD (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular and peripheral artery disease), surrogate markers of CVD [intima- media thickness (IMT) and aortic calcification] and bone disease (bone mineral density and prevalent vertebral fractures). RESULTS: OPG serum levels (in pmol/l) were significantly higher in T2DM males with abnormal IMT (5.12 ± 1.59 vs 3.76 ± 1.98), carotid plaque (5.46 ± 1.67 vs 4.20 ± 1.81), aortic calcification (5.91 ± 1.39 vs 4.07 ± 1.76), hypertension (5.11 ± 1.86 vs 3.81 ± 1.47), and peripheral artery disease (6.24 ± 1.64 vs 4.21 ± 1.63, p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In the logistic regression analysis (after adjustment for age and main cardiovascular risk factors), serum OPG (per 1 pmol/l increase in OPG) was associated with increased risk of abnormal IMT [odds ratio (OR) 1.84, confidence interval (CI) 1.21-2.79, p = 0.004), carotid plaque (OR 1.71, CI 1.13-2.58, p = 0.012), aortic calcification (OR 2.21, CI 1.27-3.84, p = 0.05) and peripheral artery disease (OR 4.02, CI 1.65-9.8 p = 0.002). However, OPG were not related to bone mass or vertebral fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that in T2DM males OPG serum concentrations constitute a marker of CVD, but not a marker of bone disease.

Results from a national survey on the management of primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) continues to be challenging. At the Third International Workshop on PHPT, recent data on this disease were reviewed and new clinical recommendations were developed. There are few data on the influence of new guidelines in clinical practice. AIM: We designed an online survey that was sent to all Spanish hospital endocrinology services. METHODS: The questionnaire included 28 questions about diagnosis and management of PHPT. Ninety-nine of 131 sites (76%), giving health coverage to 70% of Spanish population, completed the survey. RESULTS: The reported incidence of PHPT was 9.95/100,000 person-years. Heighty percent of patients were asymptomatic. Each center performed a median (Q1, Q3) of 12 (6, 20) parathyroidectomies/year. The median (Q1, Q3) percentage of curative interventions (at first trial) was 90% (80, 95). The main reasons for not performing surgery were, by decreasing frequency: surgery contraindication, patient's refusal, loss of monitoring, limited surgery experience. Localization techniques were used in 83% of cases. The main criteria for parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic patients were Ca≥2.875 mmol/l (79%), Tscore ≤-2.5 SD at any site (91%), age <50 yr (80%) and glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (82%). Minimally invasive surgery was performed in 42% of centers. Frequency of biochemistry and bone density determinations for non-surgically managed patients was in accordance with international guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical practice of Spanish endocrinologists is consistent with the recommendations of the guidelines from the Third International Workshop for the management of PHPT.

[Cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and risk of fracture]. / Enfermedad cardiovascular, osteoporosis y riesgo de fractura.

A 60-year-old man, who did administrative work, consulted for evaluation of the presence of osteoporosis. He smoked ten cigarettes a day and drank alcohol occasionally. Eight years ago he suffered a Colle's fracture in his right arm after an incidental fall, which resolved without complications. His mother had a hip fracture when she was 78 years old. The patient weighed 89.4 kg and his height was 165 cm (BMI 38 kg/m(2)). The DXA showed a T-score -2.4 at lumbar spine and -1.9 at femoral neck. He had suffered a myocardial infarction one year ago and is presently taking statin, a beta-blocker and enalapril. In summary, this is a male with a background of fracture due to fragility, with lumbar BMD close to those established as diagnostic of osteoporosis and he also has cardiovascular disease. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?

Development of bacterial artificial chromosome library resources for parasitoid Hymenoptera (Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti: Pteromalidae).

The species of the genus Nasonia possess qualities that make them excellent candidates for genetic and genomic studies. To increase the wealth of genomic resources for the genus we constructed publicly available bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries for Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti. Libraries have 36 864 clones each, empty-vector contents of approximately 2% and average insert sizes of 113.1 and 97.7 Kb, respectively, representing 12 and 11 genome equivalents. The N. vitripennis library was used for genome sequence assembly and in efforts at positional cloning of a developmental gene. The genome assembly of N. vitripennis is currently composed on 6181 un-joined scaffolds. These BAC libraries can be used to identify and close regions between scaffolds of the genome assemblies of both species.

Osteoporosis and Psoriasis. / Osteoporosis y psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with multiple comorbidities, particularly in patients with arthritis or more severe forms of the disease. The link between all these comorbidities is probably systemic inflammation. Several recent studies have indicated that patients with psoriasis may be at an increased risk of pathologic fractures and osteoporosis. Current guidelines on comorbidities in psoriasis do not recommend assessment of bone health. In this article, we review the available evidence on the association between psoriasis and osteoporosis. We first examine the concept of osteoporosis and the role of vitaminD in bone health and then propose an algorithm for managing and treating this condition in patients with psoriasis.

Effects of raloxifene therapy on circulating osteoprotegerin and RANK ligand levels in post-menopausal osteoporosis.

Previous in vitro studies suggest that the anti-resorptive effect of raloxifene might be mediated by changes in several cytokines involved in the bone remodeling process. In this context, the osteoprotegerin (OPG)- receptor activator of NF kappa B ligand (RANKL) system is considered a key component in the osteoclastogenesis regulation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of raloxifene treatment on serum concentrations of OPG, receptor RANKL and its relationship with biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) in previously untreated women with post-menopausal osteoporosis. We selected 47 post-menopausal women (mean age 63+/-7 yr) with densitometric criteria of osteoporosis. We determined at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months anthropometric parameters, biochemical markers of bone turnover, serum levels of 25(OH) D, serum levels of OPG and RANKL. BMD (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) in lumbar spine (LS) femoral neck and total hip was measured at baseline and 12 months after raloxifene (60 mg/day) treatment. Serum levels of OPG decreased in the 3rd and 6th month of treatment (p<0.001) and returned to basal levels in the 12th month. There was a significant decrease of RANKL levels and OPG/RANKL ratio after 1 yr of raloxifene treatment. In addition, BMD in LS increased significantly (2.5%) in the 12th month of treatment (p=0.031). Finally, the biochemical markers of bone turnover (total alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urine cross-linked carboxi-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) decreased significantly from the 3rd month of treatment. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that raloxifene may inhibit osteoclast activity, at least partly modulating the OPG-RANKL system.

Entorno inflamatorio diferencial en pacientes con osteoporosis y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Differential inflammatory environment in patients with osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y la osteoporosis son enfermedades asociadas con un entorno pro-inflamatorio, cuya prevención mediante nuevas estrategias terapéuticas podría evitar su desarrollo. Sin embargo, existe un escaso número de estudios que evalúen el perfil inflamatorio de la osteoporosis en pacientes con DM2.El objetivo de este estudio se centró en evaluar la respuesta inflamatoria inmunitaria mediante concentraciones séricas de nueve citocinas, dos de ellas de carácter anti-inflamatorio (IL-10, IL-5) y seis pro-inflamatorias (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 (p70), IL-17A, TNFα e IFNɣ) en 163 individuos con DM2 y 47 controles. Una subpoblación, formada por 43 pacientes DM2 sin osteoporosis, y 33 con osteoporosis, fue analizada en más profundidad a nivel de parámetros óseos. Además, hemos evaluado las hormonas calciotropas, los marcadores de remodelado óseo, densidad mineral ósea y fracturas vertebrales en la población, y hemos analizado la relación de las citocinas ensayadas con la DM2, la osteoporosis y las fracturas vertebrales prevalentes.Los pacientes con DM2 tenían concentraciones séricas significativamente más altas de IL-10 en comparación con el grupo control (0,5±1 vs. 0,14±0,3 pg/ml; p=0,016) y los niveles de IL-12 p70 se mostraron más bajos en pacientes con DM2 respecto a los controles (2,9±1,6 vs. 3,9±3,1 pg/ml; p=0,027).En el grupo de pacientes con DM2 y osteoporosis, los niveles de la citocina IL-6 resultaron elevados respecto al grupo de DM2 sin osteoporosis (10,9±14,6 vs. 4,5±7,0; p=0,017). También se observó una asociación de IL-5, siendo sus niveles más bajos en el grupo DM2 con osteoporosis (1,7±0,2 vs. 3,8±0,6; p=0,032). Además, la IL-5 mostró una correlación directa con los niveles del biomarcador de formación ósea fosfatasa alcalina ósea (r=0,277, p=0,004) en la subpoblación de pacientes con DM2. El resto de citocinas no mostraron diferencias significativas. (AU)

Pig cognitive bias affects the conversion of muscle into meat by antioxidant and autophagy mechanisms.

Slaughter is a crucial step in the meat production chain that could induce psychological stress on each animal, resulting in a physiological response that can differ among individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between an animal's emotional state, the subsequent psychological stress at slaughter and the cellular damage as an effect. In all, 36 entire male pigs were reared at an experimental farm and a cognitive bias test was used to classify them into positive bias (PB) or negative bias (NB) groups depending on their decision-making capabilities. Half of the animals, slaughtered in the same batch, were used for a complete study of biomarkers of stress, including brain neurotransmitters and some muscle biomarkers of oxidative stress. After slaughter, specific brain areas were excised and the levels of catecholamines (noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA)) and indoleamines (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serotonin (5HT)) were analyzed. In addition, muscle proteasome activity (20S), antioxidant defence (total antioxidant activity (TAA)), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation (LPO)) and autophagy biomarkers (Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein I light chain 3 (LC3-I) and LC3-II) were monitored during early postmortem maturation (0 to 24 h). Compared with PB animals, NB pigs were more susceptible to stress, showing higher 5HT levels (P<0.01) in the hippocampus and lower DA (P<0.001) in the pre-frontal cortex. Furthermore, NB pigs had more intense proteolytic processes and triggered primary muscle cell survival mechanisms immediately after slaughter (0 h postmortem), thus showing higher TAA (P<0.001) and earlier proteasome activity (P<0.001) and autophagy (Beclin-1, P<0.05; LC3-II/LC3-I, P<0.001) than PB pigs, in order to counteract the induced increase in oxidative stress, that was significantly higher in the muscle of NB pigs at 0 h postmortem (LPO, P<0.001). Our study is the first to demonstrate that pig's cognitive bias influences the animal's susceptibility to stress and has important effects on the postmortem muscle metabolism, particularly on the cell antioxidant defences and the autophagy onset. These results expand the current knowledge regarding biomarkers of animal welfare and highlight the potential use of biomarkers of the proteasome, the autophagy (Beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) and the muscle antioxidant defence (TAA, LPO) for detection of peri-slaughter stress.

Inhaled steroids do not decrease bone mineral density but increase risk of fractures: data from the GIUMO Study Group.

Although the negative effect of systemic steroids on bone is well documented, there is not clear evidence about possible adverse effects of inhaled steroids on bone metabolism and fractures. A cross-sectional study was performed on 105 women suffering from bronchial asthma treated with inhaled steroids and 133 controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) at the calcaneus and by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), at both the lumbar spine and proximal femur. Patients suffering from bronchial asthma showed no statistically significant changes in BMD as measured by DXA or QUS, compared with controls. A higher prevalence of fractures was found in the group of women with bronchial asthma, with an age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.79 (95% CI: 1.19-6.54). Inhaled steroids do not appear to decrease BMD, but are associated with an increased risk of fracture in women.

Validation of PHPQoL, a Disease-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

CONTEXT: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is impaired in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) but instruments to specifically assess this are scarce. OBJECTIVE: Validate the new disease-specific Primary Hyperparathyroidism Quality of Life (PHPQoL) questionnaire in usual clinical practice. DESIGN: Observational, prospective, and multicenter. SETTING: Public hospital ambulatory care. PATIENTS: Patients with PHPT of both sexes, aged more than or equal to 18 years either initiated treatment for PHPT (group A) or had stable PHPT, not requiring therapy (group B). Patients in group A had at least one surgical criterion according to the 2009 Third International Workshop on Management of Asymptomatic PHPT. INTERVENTION: Sociodemographic, clinical, and HRQoL data (PHPQol, Short Form-36, Psychological Well-Being Index, and patients' self-perceived health status) were collected. Group A underwent 4 evaluations (baseline, 3 ± 1, 6 ± 1, and 12 ± 2 months after a therapeutic intervention) and group B 2, at baseline and 1 month later to assess test-retest reliability. RESULTS: A total of 182 patients were included (104 group A, 78 group B) with a mean age (SD) of 61.4 (12.1) years; 79.7% were women. Group A increased PHPQoL score (SD) (better HRQoL) (52 ± 23 at baseline; 62 ± 24 at 12 months; P < .001). At baseline, symptomatic patients had a lower PHPQoL score (worse) than asymptomatic ones (51 ± 21 vs 68 ± 21; P < .001). Correlations were seen between PHPQoL and Short Form-36, Psychological Well-Being Index, and self-perceived health status (P < .001). PHPQoL had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.80), test-retest reliability (group B, intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.80), and sensitivity to detect HQRoL changes over time. CONCLUSIONS: PHPQoL is a valid HRQoL measure to assess the impact of PHPT on health perception in clinical practice.

Relación genética entre las enfermedades pulmonares de origen ambiental u ocupacional y la osteoporosis: un enfoque bioinformático / Genetic relationship between pulmonary diseases of environmental or occupational origin and osteoporosis: a bioinformatic approach

Objetivo: Identificación de biomarcadores que relacionan la osteoporosis con enfermedades pulmonares ocupacionales y ambientales. Material y métodos: Mediante bases de datos de terminología médica unificada se obtuvieron enfermedades relacionadas con enfermedades pulmonares que, junto con la osteoporosis, fueron analizadas en DisGeNET para obtener los genes asociados a cada enfermedad y formar una red de interacción proteína-proteína (PPI) mediante el uso de STRING dentro de Cytoscape. A través de la aplicación de diferentes algoritmos de centralidad utilizando CythoHubba en Cytoscape, se seleccionaron las 5 proteínas de la red con el mayor grado de centralidad. Resultados: 9 enfermedades fueron incluidas en el grupo de enfermedades pulmonares. Se obtuvieron 2.698 genes asociados a enfermedades pulmonares y a osteoporosis. Los genes vinculados con osteoporosis y con al menos dos de las enfermedades pulmonares incluidas dieron lugar a una red PPI con 152 nodos y 1.378 ejes. Las proteínas con mayor grado de centralidad de la red fueron AKT1, ALB, IL6, TP53 y VEGFA. Conclusiones: Existe una elevada relación entre la osteoporosis y las enfermedades pulmonares ambientales estudiadas, a través de genes con una implicación dual. Nosotros proponemos cinco genes importantes que vinculan estas enfermedades y que podrían constituir una base coherente para investigaciones más profundas en este campo. (AU)

Objetives: Identifying biomarkers that relate osteoporosis to occupational and environmental lung diseases. Material and methods: Using integrated medical terminology databases, diseases related to lung diseases were obtained which, together with osteoporosis, were analyzed in DisGeNET to obtain the genes associated with each disease and form a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) through the Cytoscape StringApp. Applying different centrality algorithms using CythoHubba in Cytoscape, the 5 network proteins with the highest degree of centrality were selected. Results: 9 diseases were included in the group of pulmonary diseases. 2,698 genes associated with lung diseases and osteoporosis were obtained. Genes associated with osteoporosis and with at least two of the included lung diseases resulted in a PPI network with 152 nodes and 1,378 axes. The proteins with the highest degree of network centrality were AKT1, ALB, IL6, TP53 and VEGFA. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between osteoporosis and the environmental lung diseases studied, through genes with dual involvement. We propose five important genes that link these diseases. This could provide a coherent basis for further research in this field. (AU)

Postmenopausal women with colles' fracture have lower values of bone mineral density than controls as measured by quantitative ultrasound and densitometry.

Measurement of ultrasonographic parameters provides information concerning not only bone density but also bone architecture. We investigated the usefulness of ultrasonographic parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) to evaluate the probability of Colles' fracture. Two-hundred eighty-nine postmenopausal women (62.3 +/- 8.7 yr) with (n = 76) and without (n = 213) Colles' fracture were studied. BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur was evaluated in all women by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and stiffness in the calcaneus were measured by a Sahara ultrasonometer (Hologic). Patients suffering from Colles' fracture had lower values of BMD adjusted by height at the lumbar spine, L2-L4 (0.797 g/cm2 vs 0.860 g/cm2), femoral neck (0.685 g/cm2 vs 0.712 g/cm2 ), SOS (1518 m/sg vs 1525 m/sg), and stiffness (74.6 vs 77.7) (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, BUA values were similar in both groups. After stepwise logistic regression analysis, the area found under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.60 for L2L4 and 0.63 for a formula combining L2L4 and height. Our data suggest that patients suffering from Colles' fracture have lower values of BMD by DXA, SOS, and stiffness. However, the ability of these techniques to discriminate is low because the values for the area under ROC curve are 0.60 for L2-L4 and 0.63 for a formula derived of the combination of L2-L4 and height.

Postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture have bone mineral density values similar to those of controls when measured with calcaneus quantitative ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: It is a matter of controversy whether or not Colles' fracture is an osteoporotic fracture. Indeed, the usefulness of quantitative ultrasound in distinguishing Colles' fracture from normal fractures is also unclear. METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study was done on 469 postmenopausal Spanish women, 121 with Colles' fracture and 348 controls. Assessment of risk factors for osteoporosis and measurement of calcaneus quantitative ultrasound were carried out using a Sahara, Hologic device. RESULTS: Patients with Colles' fracture had BUA, SOS, and QUI values that were similar to those of controls, and no statistically significant differences were found. We estimated ROC curves for SOS and a score based on a linear combination of height and SOS (SH-Score). The areas under both curves were 0.56 and 0.61, respectively, which was statistically significant. To obtain 5% false-negative and 10% false-positive figures, the T-score cut-off for SOS was -2.45 and -0.045, respectively. Of these, only 9.2% were classified as high risk and 11% as low risk with 79.8% undetermined. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Colles' fracture had BUA, SOS, and QUI values that were similar to those of controls. Nevertheless, ROC curves calculated by a combination of height and SOS showed that quantitative calcaneus ultrasound may be a useful tool for identifying postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture. These results indicate that measuring bone mineral density with ultrasound only captures limited aspects of the pathophysiology of Colles' fractures.

Relation between vitamin D insufficiency, bone density, and bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women.

Although only few postmenopausal women exhibit biochemical signs of hypovitaminosis D, vitamin D insufficiency has been shown to have adverse effects on bone metabolism and could be an important risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture. We determined serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), bone turnover markers, dietary calcium intake, and bone mineral density (BMD; measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry) in 161 consecutive ambulatory women, healthy except for osteoporosis, referred to a bone metabolic unit. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D < or = 15 ng/ml] was 39.1%. 25(OH)D was lower in the osteoporotic subjects (15.7 +/- 5.3 ng/ml vs. 21.8 +/- 9.7 ng/ml; p < 0.001). After controlling for all other variables, lumbar spine (LS) BMD was found to be significantly associated with 25(OH)D, body mass index (BMI), and years after menopause (YSM) (R2 = 0.253; p < 0.001). For femoral neck (FN), significant independent predictors of BMD were YSM, BMI, iPTH, and 25(OH)D (R2 = 0.368; p < 0.001). The probability of meeting osteoporosis densitometric criteria was higher in the vitamin D insufficiency group (odds ratio [OR], 4.17, 1.83-9.48) after adjusting by YSM, BMI, iPTH, and dietary calcium intake. Our study shows that vitamin D insufficiency in an otherwise healthy postmenopausal population is a common risk factor for osteoporosis associated with increased bone remodeling and low bone mass.