RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although naloxone prevents opioid overdose deaths, few patients prescribed opioids receive naloxone, limiting its effectiveness in real-world settings. Barriers to naloxone prescribing include concerns that naloxone could increase risk behavior and limited time to provide necessary patient education. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether pharmacy-based naloxone co-dispensing affected opioid risk behavior. Secondary objectives were to assess if co-dispensing increased naloxone acquisition, increased patient knowledge about naloxone administration, and affected opioid dose and other substance use. DESIGN: Cluster randomized pragmatic trial of naloxone co-dispensing. SETTING: Safety-net health system in Denver, Colorado, between 2017 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Seven pharmacies were randomized. Pharmacy patients (N=768) receiving opioids were followed using automated data for 10 months. Pharmacy patients were also invited to complete surveys at baseline, 4 months, and 8 months; 325 survey participants were enrolled from November 15, 2017, to January 8, 2019. INTERVENTION: Intervention pharmacies implemented workflows to co-dispense naloxone while usual care pharmacies provided usual services. MAIN MEASURES: Survey instruments assessed opioid risk behavior; hazardous drinking; tobacco, cannabis, and other drug use; and knowledge. Naloxone dispensings and opioid dose were evaluated using pharmacy data among pharmacy patients and survey participants. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using generalized linear mixed models accounting for clustering at the pharmacy level. KEY RESULTS: Opioid risk behavior did not differ by trial group (P=0.52; 8-month vs. baseline adjusted risk ratio [ARR] 1.07; 95% CI 0.78, 1.47). Compared with usual care pharmacies, naloxone dispensings were higher in intervention pharmacies (ARR 3.38; 95% CI 2.21, 5.15) and participant knowledge increased (P=0.02; 8-month vs. baseline adjusted mean difference 1.05; 95% CI 0.06, 2.04). There was no difference in other substance use by the trial group. CONCLUSION: Co-dispensing naloxone with opioids effectively increased naloxone receipt and knowledge but did not increase self-reported risk behavior. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ; Identifier: NCT03337100.
Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Farmácias , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/prevenção & controle , FarmacêuticosRESUMO
Background: Effective and efficient methods are needed to identify naloxone administrations within electronic health record (EHR) data to conduct overdose surveillance and research. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a text-mining tool to identify naloxone administrations in EHR data. Methods: Clinical notes stored in databases between January 2017 and March 2018 were used to iteratively develop a text-mining tool to identify naloxone administrations. The first iteration of the tool used broad search terms. Then, after reviewing clinical notes of overdose encounters, we developed a list of phrases that described naloxone administrations to inform iteration two. While validating iteration two, additional phrases were found, which were then added to inform the final iteration. The comparator was an administrative code query extracted from the EHR. Medical record review was used to identify true positives. The primary outcome was the positive predictive values (PPV) of the second iteration, final iteration, and administrative code query. Results: Iteration two, the final iteration, and the administrative code had PPVs of 84.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 78.6-89.0%), 83.8% (95% CI 78.6-88.2%), and 57.1% (95% CI 47.1-66.8%), respectively. Both iterations of the tool had a significantly higher PPV than the administrative code (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A text-mining tool improved the identification of naloxone administrations in EHR data from less than 60% with the administrative code to greater than 80% with both versions of the tool. Text-mining tools can inform the use of more sophisticated informatics methods, which often require significant time, resource, and expertise investment.
Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas , Naloxona , Mineração de Dados/métodos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Humanos , Naloxona/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a validated instrument that measures knowledge about prescription opioid overdose. METHODS: Within an integrated health care system, we adapted, piloted, and tested the reliability and predictive validity of a modified Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) instrument specific to prescription opioids (Rx-OOKS) with a patient population prescribed long-term opioid therapy and potentially at risk of opioid overdose. We used an interdisciplinary team approach and patient interviews to adapt the instrument. We then piloted the survey on a patient sample and assessed it using Cronbach's alpha and logistic regression. RESULTS: Rx-OOKS (N = 56) resulted in a three-construct, 25-item instrument. Internal consistency was acceptable for the following constructs: "signs of an overdose" (10 items) at α = 0.851, "action to take with opioid overdose" (seven items) at α = 0.692, and "naloxone use knowledge" (eight items) at α = 0.729. One construct, "risks of an overdose" (three items), had an α of 0.365 and was subsequently eliminated from analysis due to poor performance. We conducted logistic regression to determine if any of the constructs was strongly associated with future naloxone receipt. Higher scores on "actions to take in an overdose" had nine times the odds of receiving naloxone (odds ratio [OR] = 9.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-57.12); higher "naloxone use knowledge" scores were 15.8 times more likely to receive naloxone than those with lower scores (OR = 15.83, 95% CI = 1.68-149.17). CONCLUSIONS: The Rx-OOKS survey instrument can reliably measure knowledge about prescription opioid overdose recognition and naloxone use. Further, knowledge about actions to take during an opioid overdose and naloxone use were associated with future receipt of naloxone.
Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas , Overdose de Opiáceos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/prevenção & controle , Projetos Piloto , Prescrições , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed at ages <50 years old (early-onset CRC) has been increasing in the United States, resulting in a growing number of early-onset CRC survivors who may face significant financial and quality of life (QOL) challenges. OBJECTIVE: Identify themes from a patient advocate discussion about the impact of CRC on financial burden and QOL among early-onset CRC survivors. METHODS: We conducted a semi-structured, stakeholder discussion among 14 early-onset CRC survivors and one caregiver who were members of an advocacy group. The discussion focused on the financial and overall QOL impacts of CRC. The meeting was recorded, transcribed and coded in ATLAS.ti, using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: Cancer stage at diagnosis among advocates with CRC ranged from 2 to 4; about half of the attendees had no evidence of disease, and about half were undergoing treatment. Employment (career trajectory, lost wages, health insurance/benefits, performance) emerged as the dominant theme of the financial impacts discussion. Lifestyle impacts of disease and survivorship included both emotional and physical side-effects. Diagnosis experience, missing information about CRC treatment and side-effects, financial stress and strain on relationships were the primary themes for the overall QOL impacts. CONCLUSION: Given the growing incidence of CRC in those under 50, it is particularly important for providers to be aware of these patients' financial, emotional and QOL needs, and to develop care plans that specifically address these areas of concern for early-onset CRC survivors.
Assuntos
Sobreviventes de Câncer/psicologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/psicologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Qualidade de Vida , Idade de Início , Neoplasias Colorretais/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Qualidade de Vida/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Naloxone is a life-saving opioid antagonist. Chronic pain guidelines recommend that physicians co-prescribe naloxone to patients at high risk for opioid overdose. However, clinical tools to efficiently identify patients who could benefit from naloxone are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an overdose predictive model which could be used in primary care settings to assess the need for naloxone. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Derivation site was an integrated health system in Colorado; validation site was a safety-net health system in Colorado. PARTICIPANTS: We developed a predictive model in a cohort of 42,828 patients taking chronic opioid therapy and externally validated the model in 10,708 patients. MAIN MEASURES: Potential predictors and outcomes (nonfatal pharmaceutical and heroin overdoses) were extracted from electronic health records. Fatal overdose outcomes were identified from state vital records. To match the approximate shelf-life of naloxone, we used Cox proportional hazards regression to model the 2-year risk of overdose. Calibration and discrimination were assessed. KEY RESULTS: A five-variable predictive model showed good calibration and discrimination (bootstrap-corrected c-statistic = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69-0.78) in the derivation site, with sensitivity of 66.1% and specificity of 66.6%. In the validation site, the model showed good discrimination (c-statistic = 0.75, 95% CI 0.70-0.80) and less than ideal calibration, with sensitivity and specificity of 82.2% and 49.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients on chronic opioid therapy, the predictive model identified 66-82% of all subsequent opioid overdoses. This model is an efficient screening tool to identify patients who could benefit from naloxone to prevent overdose deaths. Population differences across the two sites limited calibration in the validation site.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Overdose de Drogas/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Crônica/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Colorado/epidemiologia , Esquema de Medicação , Overdose de Drogas/epidemiologia , Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Estatísticos , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective: Given the risks of long-term opioid therapy, patients may benefit from tapering these medications. There is little evidence to guide providers' approach to this process. We explored primary care providers' experiences discussing and implementing opioid tapering with patients on long-term opioid therapy. Design: Qualitative study using six semistructured, in-person focus groups. Subject: Primary care providers (N = 40). Setting: Six academically affiliated primary care clinics in university, urban safety net, and Veterans Health Administration medical centers in Colorado. Methods: Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a mixed inductive-deductive approach in ATLAS.ti. Emergent themes were identified through an iterative, multidisciplinary team-based process. Results: We identified 1) strategies for identifying candidates for opioid tapering, 2) barriers to opioid tapering, and 3) facilitators of opioid tapering. Strategies for identifying candidates for opioid tapering included evidence of high-risk behavior, serious adverse events, opioid-related side effects, and patient preference. Barriers included the providers' emotional burden, inadequate resources, and a lack of trust between patient and provider. Facilitators of opioid tapering included empathizing with the patient's experience, preparing patients for opioid tapering, individualizing implementation of opioid tapering, and supportive guidelines and policies. Conclusions: While discussing and implementing opioid tapering present significant challenges, primary care providers described key facilitators. These findings suggest a need to develop and test the effectiveness of resources to support patient-centered opioid tapering and locally developed policies to support and standardize providers' approaches to opioid prescribing.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Tempo , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Comunicação , Humanos , Preferência do Paciente , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estados Unidos , United States Department of Veterans AffairsRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Over the last 2 decades, medical providers have increasingly prescribed pharmaceutical opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, while opioid overdose death rates have quadrupled. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, can be prescribed to patients with chronic pain to reverse an opioid overdose, yet little is known about how patients perceive this emerging practice. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes toward naloxone prescribing among non-cancer patients prescribed opioids in primary care. DESIGN: Qualitative study design using semi-structured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (N = 24) prescribed high-dose (≥100 morphine mg equivalent daily dose) chronic opioid therapy in eight primary care internal medicine, family medicine and HIV practices in three large Colorado health systems. APPROACH: Inductive and deductive methods were used to analyze interview transcripts. KEY RESULTS: Themes emerged related to knowledge of and benefits, barriers and facilitators to naloxone in primary care. Patients reported receiving limited education about opioid medication risks from providers and limited knowledge of naloxone. When provided with a description of naloxone, patients recognized its ability to reverse overdoses. In addition to pragmatic barriers, such as medication cost, barriers to naloxone acceptance included the perception that overdose risk stems from medication misuse and that providers might infer that they were misusing their opioid medication if they accepted a naloxone prescription, prompting an opioid taper. Facilitators to the acceptance of naloxone included medical providers' using empowering, non-judgmental communication practices, framing naloxone for use in "worst case scenarios" and providing education and training about opioids and naloxone. CONCLUSIONS: While patients recognized the utility of naloxone prescribing, we identified important barriers to patient acceptance of naloxone prescribing. To improve the naloxone prescribing acceptability in primary care practice, medical providers and health systems may need to enhance patient education, employ empowering, non-judgmental communication styles and adequately frame discussions about naloxone to address patients' fears.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos Opioides/intoxicação , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE : There is inadequate evidence of long-term benefit and growing evidence of the risks of chronic opioid therapy (COT). Opioid dose reduction, or opioid tapering, may reduce these risks but may also worsen pain and quality of life. Our objective was to explore patients' perspectives on opioid tapering. DESIGN : Qualitative study using in-person, semistructured interviews. SETTING AND PATIENTS : English-speaking, adult primary care patients (N = 24) in three Colorado health care systems. METHODS : Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in ATLAS.ti. We used a team-based, mixed inductive and deductive approach guided by the Health Belief Model. We iteratively refined emergent themes with input from a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS : Participants had a mean age of 52 years old, were 46% male and 79% white. Six participants (25%) were on COT and not tapering, 12 (50%) were currently tapering COT, and 6 (25%) had discontinued COT. Emergent themes were organized in four domains: risks, barriers, facilitators, and benefits. Patients perceived a low risk of overdose and prioritized the more immediate risk of increased pain with opioid tapering. Barriers included a perceived lack of effectiveness of nonopioid options and fear of opioid withdrawal. Among patients with opioid tapering experience, social support and a trusted health care provider facilitated opioid tapering. These patients endorsed improved quality of life following tapering. CONCLUSIONS : Efforts to support opioid tapering should elicit patients' perceived barriers and seek to build on relationships with family, peers, and providers to facilitate tapering. Future work should identify patient-centered, feasible strategies to support tapering of COT.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Dor Crônica/psicologia , Manejo da Dor/psicologia , Preferência do Paciente/psicologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Dor Crônica/diagnóstico , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The rate of fatal unintentional pharmaceutical opioid poisonings has increased substantially since the late 1990s. Naloxone is an effective opioid antidote that can be prescribed to patients for bystander use in the event of an overdose. Primary care clinics represent settings in which large populations of patients prescribed opioids could be reached for overdose education and naloxone prescription. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about overdose education and naloxone prescription among clinical staff in primary care. DESIGN: This was a qualitative study using focus groups to elucidate both clinic-level and provider-level barriers and facilitators. SETTING: Ten primary care internal medicine, family medicine and infectious disease/HIV practices in three large Colorado health systems. METHODS: A focus group guide was developed based on behavioral theory. Focus group transcripts were coded for manifest and latent meaning, and analyzed for themes using a recursive approach that included inductive and deductive analysis. RESULTS: Themes emerged in four content areas related to overdose education and naloxone prescription: knowledge, barriers, benefits and facilitators. Clinical staff (N = 56) demonstrated substantial knowledge gaps about naloxone and its use in outpatient settings. They expressed uncertainty about who to prescribe naloxone to, and identified a range of logistical barriers to its use in practice. Staff also described fears about offending patients and concerns about increased risk behaviors in patients prescribed naloxone. When considering naloxone, some providers reflected critically and with discomfort on their own opioid prescribing. These barriers were balanced by beliefs that prescribing naloxone could prevent death and result in safer opioid use behaviors. LIMITATIONS: Findings from these qualitative focus groups may not be generalizable to other settings. CONCLUSION: In addition to evidence gaps, logistical and attitudinal barriers will need to be addressed to enhance uptake of overdose education and naloxone prescription for patients prescribed opioids for pain.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/intoxicação , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Competência Clínica , Colorado , Overdose de Drogas/etiologia , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Médicos de Atenção Primária/psicologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As physicians have increased opioid prescribing, overdose deaths from pharmaceutical opioids have substantially increased in the United States. Naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone), an opioid antagonist, is the standard of care for treatment of opioid induced respiratory depression. Since 1996, community-based programs have offered overdose prevention education and distributed naloxone for bystander administration to people who use opioids, particularly heroin. There is growing interest in translating overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) into conventional medical settings for patients who are prescribed pharmaceutical opioids. For this review, we summarized and classified existing publications on overdose education and naloxone distribution to identify evidence of effectiveness and opportunities for translation into conventional medical settings. METHODS: For this review, we searched English language PubMed for articles on naloxone based on primary data collection from humans, including feasibility studies, program evaluations, surveys, qualitative studies, and studies comparing the effectiveness of different routes of naloxone administration. We also included cost-effectiveness studies. RESULTS: We identified 41 articles that represented 5 categories: evaluations of OEND programs, effects of OEND programs on experiences and attitudes of participants, willingness of medical providers to prescribe naloxone, comparisons of different routes of naloxone administration, and the cost-effectiveness of naloxone. CONCLUSIONS: Existing research suggests that people who are at risk for overdose and other bystanders are willing and able to be trained to prevent overdoses and administer naloxone. Counseling patients about the risks of opioid overdose and prescribing naloxone is an emerging clinical practice that may reduce fatalities from overdose while enhancing the safe prescribing of opioids.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/métodos , Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Medicina Geral/métodos , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Educação de Pacientes como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Former prison inmates experience high rates of hospitalizations and death during the transition from prison to the community, particularly from drug-related causes and early after release. The authors designed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of patient navigation to reduce barriers to health care and hospitalizations for former prison inmates. METHODS: Forty former prison inmates with a history of drug involvement were recruited and randomized within 15 days after prison release. Participants were randomized to receive 3 months of patient navigation (PN) with facilitated enrollment into an indigent care discount program (intervention) or facilitated enrollment into an indigent care discount program alone (control). Structured interviews were conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Outcomes were measured as a change in self-reported barriers to care and as the rate of health service use per 100 person-days. RESULTS: The mean number of reported barriers to care was reduced at 3 and 6 months in both groups. At 6 months, the rate of emergency department/urgent care visits per 100 person-days since baseline was 1.1 among intervention participants and 0.5 among control participants (P = .04), whereas the rate of hospitalizations per 100 person-days was 0.2 in intervention participants and 0.6 in control participants (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment of former inmates into an RCT of patient navigation was highly feasible, but follow-up was limited by rearrests. Results suggest a significantly lower rate of hospitalizations among navigation participants, although the rate of emergency department/urgent care visits was not improved. Patient navigation is a promising, pragmatic intervention that may be effective at reducing high-cost health care utilization in former prison inmates.
Assuntos
Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Vida Independente , Navegação de Pacientes/métodos , Prisioneiros , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Adulto , Colorado , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados de Saúde não Remunerados , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
Women in prison have a higher prevalence of HIV than men. After release from prison, former inmates have the opportunity to engage in risk behaviors for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We sought to assess change in risk behaviors over time and the association of gender with risk behavior in the postrelease period. In this prospective cohort study, we interviewed 200 former inmates (51 women) approximately two weeks (baseline) and three months (follow-up) after release and tested them for HIV infection at follow-up. We examined the association of gender with unprotected vaginal or anal sex in the last seven days using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and multivariable logistic regression. At baseline, 22% of men and 41% of women reported unprotected vaginal sex (p < 0.01) and 5% of men and 8% of women reported unprotected anal sex (p = 0.51). Being younger (OR for each decade increase 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29-0.80), being gay/lesbian or being bisexual (compared with being heterosexual, OR = 4.74, 95% CI = 1.01-22.17 and OR = 3.98, 95% CI = 1.41-11.26, respectively), or reporting a drug of choice of heroin/speedballs or cocaine/crack (compared with marijuana/no drug of choice, OR = 24.00, 95% CI = 5.15-111.81 and OR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.20-10.18, respectively) was associated with unprotected vaginal or anal sex after adjusting for race, homelessness, and hazardous drinking. At follow-up, 21% of men and 44% of women reported unprotected sex (p = 0.005), and female gender (OR = 4.42, 95% CI = 1.79-10.94) and hazardous drinking (compared with not meeting criteria for hazardous drinking, OR = 3.64, 95% CI = 1.34-9.86) were associated with unprotected sex, adjusting for race and homelessness. In this population with a high prevalence of HIV, we demonstrated persistent engagement in sexual risk behavior during the postrelease period. Enhanced efforts to promote sexual health and reduced risk behavior among both male and female current and former prison inmates are needed, including improved access to preventive care and HIV and STI screening, testing, and treatment.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Assunção de Riscos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Bissexualidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Homossexualidade Feminina/estatística & dados numéricos , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos , Sexo sem Proteção/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Among former prisoners, a high rate of death has been documented in the early postrelease period, particularly from drug-related causes. Little is known about risk factors and trends in postrelease mortality in the past decade, especially given general population increases in overdose deaths from pharmaceutical opioids. OBJECTIVE: To determine postrelease mortality between 1999 and 2009; cause-specific mortality rates; and whether sex, calendar year, and custody factors were risk factors for all-cause, overdose, and opioid-related deaths. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Prison system of the Washington State Department of Corrections. PARTICIPANTS: 76 208 persons released from prison. MEASUREMENTS: Identities were linked probabilistically to the National Death Index to identify deaths and causes of death, and mortality rates were calculated. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated the effect of age, sex, race or ethnicity, whether the incarceration resulted from a violation of terms of the person's community supervision, length of incarceration, release type, and calendar year on the hazard ratio (HR) for death. RESULTS: The all-cause mortality rate was 737 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 708 to 766) (n = 2462 deaths). Opioids were involved in 14.8% of all deaths. Overdose was the leading cause of death (167 per 100 000 person-years [CI, 153 to 181]), and overdose deaths in former prisoners accounted for 8.3% of the overdose deaths among persons aged 15 to 84 years in Washington from 2000 to 2009. Women were at increased risk for overdose (HR, 1.38 [CI, 1.12 to 1.69]) and opioid-related deaths (HR, 1.39 [CI, 1.09 to 1.79]). LIMITATION: The study was done in only 1 state. CONCLUSION: Innovation is needed to reduce the risk for overdose among former prisoners. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Assuntos
Causas de Morte , Overdose de Drogas/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/epidemiologia , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Washington/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite policy efforts to prevent overdose, accidental overdoses among individuals prescribed opioids continue to occur. Guided by Rhodes' Risk Environment Framework, we examined the unintended consequences of restrictive policies by identifying macro policy and micro-level contextual factors that patients prescribed opioids for pain identified as contributing to overdose events. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 patients prescribed opioids who experienced an accidental opioid overdose between April 2017 and June 2019 in two health systems. RESULTS: We identified three interrelated factors that emerged within an evolving risk environment and may have increased patients' vulnerability for an accidental opioid overdose: desperation from persistent pain and comorbidities; limited knowledge about opioid medication safety and effectiveness; and restrictive opioid prescribing policies that exacerbated stigma, fear and mistrust and prevented open patient-clinician communication. When experiencing persistent pain, patients took matters into their own hands by taking more medications or in different intervals than prescribed, mixing them with other substances, or using illicitly obtained opioids. CONCLUSION: For some patients, macro-level policies and guidelines designed to reduce opioid overdoses by restricting opioid supply may have paradoxically created a micro-level risk environment that contributed to overdose events in a subset of patients.
Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas , Overdose de Opiáceos , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Overdose de Drogas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Políticas , Padrões de Prática MédicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a novel Opioid Safety Clinic (OSC) initiative to enhance adherence to guidelines on the assessment and monitoring of patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy (COT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The OSC was developed at an urban Federally Qualified Health Center to provide guideline-concordant care for COT, standardize workflows, and efficiently use clinic staff. We evaluated the OSC using a matched cohort study. Five hundred thirty-nine patients participated in the clinic between July 1, 2014, and March 31, 2016. Of these, 472 clinic participants were matched to 472 nonparticipants by sex and age on the date of the OSC visit. The OSC was evaluated by its completion rates of standardized pain assessments, urine toxicology, and naloxone dispensings. We conducted logistic regression comparing OSC participants to OSC nonparticipants. RESULTS: A total of 539 patients attended an OSC visit, representing approximately 53% of patients in the chronic opioid registry. The OSC participants were more likely than nonparticipants to have completed a pain assessment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 169.8; 95% CI, 98.3-293.5), completed a urine toxicology (aOR, 46.1; 95% CI, 30.4-69.9), or had naloxone dispensed (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.3) over 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The OSC model improved adherence to guideline-concordant COT in primary care. Future research is needed to assess the impact of these interventions on pain, quality of life, and adverse events from opioid analgesics.
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BACKGROUND: Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law's influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs' experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support. METHODS: Findings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs' self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants' decision to call for EMS. RESULTS: In most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver's aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city's homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs' fear that their current legal status as well as the victim's will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs' already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing.
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Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Naloxona/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/administração & dosagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/complicações , Adulto , Colorado , Crime , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/legislação & jurisprudência , Medo , Feminino , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Aplicação da Lei , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use is common among people who have been in prison. The relationship between social stressors, risky health behaviours, and smoking cessation has not been studied in people recently released from prison. Studying this relationship could yield information that guides strategic and cost-effective tobacco cessation interventions for an under-resourced population. METHODS: One hundred and forty-three smokers were interviewed 7 to 21 days after they had been released from USA prisons. Independent variables included employment status, housing security, relationship problems, educational achievement, risky drinking behaviour, recent drug use, history of drug dependence, and depression. The primary outcome was 'trying to quit smoking.' Data were analysed using Pearson chi-square tests and single and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of those who had to quit smoking due to tobacco-free prison policies, 98% reported relapsing on tobacco after release. Trying to quit smoking was associated with the absence of risky drinking behaviour in the past 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02-20.48). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of risky drinking behaviour is associated with trying to quit smoking among people recently released from prison. Further research may determine whether interventions addressing risky alcohol use can reduce smoking relapse.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While mortality rates after prison release are high, little is known about clinical risk factors for death. We sought to identify risk and protective factors for all-cause and accidental poisoning (overdose) death. DESIGN: Nested case-control study of people released from prison. SETTING: Washington State Department of Corrections, Washington, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (699 all-cause deaths, of which 88 were among women, and 196 additional overdose deaths, of which 76 were among women) between 1999 and 2009 matched 1 : 1 to controls on sex, age and year of release using risk set sampling. MEASUREMENTS: Prison medical charts were abstracted for clinical information. Independent associations between clinical characteristics and all-cause and overdose mortality were assessed using conditional logistic regression. FINDINGS: Key independent risk factors for all-cause mortality included homelessness [odds ratio (OR) = 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 2.23], injection drug use (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.16, 2.06), tobacco use (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.13), cirrhosis (OR = 4.42, 95% CI = 1.63, 11.98) and psychiatric medications before release (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.71, 3.30). Independent risk factors for overdose mortality included substance use disorder (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.32, 4.11), injection drug use (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.53, 3.86), panic disorder (OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.62, 9.21), psychiatric prescriptions before release (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.55, 3.85) and problems with opiates/sedatives (OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.40, 5.63). Substance use disorder treatment during the index incarceration was protective for all-cause (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.49, 0.91) and overdose (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.36, 0.90) mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Injection drug use and substance use disorders are risk factors for death after release from prison. In-prison substance use disorder treatment services may reduce the risk.
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Overdose de Drogas/mortalidade , Pessoas Mal Alojadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Prisões , Psicotrópicos/uso terapêutico , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Causas de Morte , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Proteção , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Washington/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Risk interpretation affects decision making. Yet, there is no valid assessment of how clinicians interpret the risk data that they commonly encounter. OBJECTIVE: To establish the reliability and validity of a 20-item test of clinicians' risk interpretation. METHODS: The Critical Risk Interpretation Test (CRIT) measures clinicians' abilities to 1) modify the interpretation based on meaningful differences in the outcome (e.g., disease specific v. all-cause mortality) and time period (e.g., lifetime v. 10-year mortality), 2) maintain a stable interpretation for different risk framings (e.g., relative v. absolute risk), and 3) correctly interpret how diagnostic testing modifies risk. There were 658 clinicians and medical trainees who participated: 116 nurse practitioners (NPs) at a national conference, 273 medical students at 1 institution, 148 residents in internal medicine at 2 institutions, and 121 internists at 1 institution. Participants completed a self-administered paper test during educational conferences. Seventeen evidence-based medicine experts took the test online and formally assessed content validity. Eighteen second-year medical students were recruited to take the test and a retest 3 weeks later to explore test-retest correlation. RESULTS: Expert review supported test clarity and content validity. Factor analysis supported that the CRIT identifies at least 3 separable areas of clinician knowledge. Test-retest correlation was fair (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.65; standard error = 0.15). Scores on our test correlated with other tests of related abilities. Mean test scores varied among groups, with differences in prior evidence-based medicine training and experience (93 for NPs, 101 for medical students, 101 for residents, 103 for academic internists, and 110 for physician experts; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide supporting evidence for the reliability and validity of the CRIT as an index of critical risk interpretation abilities, which is acceptable and feasible to administer in an educational setting.