Effect of Fluoridated Mouthwashes on Corrosion Property of Orthodontic Appliances: A Narrative Review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of various fluoride agents on metallic orthodontic materials. DESIGN: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched using keyword combinations such as fluoride mouthwash and orthodontic appliance and corrosion, fluoride and fixed appliance, and metal degradation. RESULTS: Of 315 articles, 20 were selected for inclusion in the review. All types of fluoride agents, especially the acidulated form of fluoride, seemed to influence the corrosion of orthodontic metallic appliances. CONCLUSION: Since most of the studies reported suggest that fluoride ions are capable of causing corrosion of metallic orthodontic appliances, attention should be paid while prescribing fluoride agents for orthodontic patients. The degree of corrosion seems to be directly correlated with the acidity of the medium and the concentration of fluoride ions. Co-Cr brackets are resistant to corrosion by fluoride while stainless steel and Ti brackets are susceptible. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It allows making the right choice while choosing the orthodontic brackets in relation to their susceptibility to corrosion by fluoride ions.

Moringa oleifera: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, and Related Properties of Extracts in Cell Lines: A Review of Medicinal Effects, Phytochemistry, and Applications.

Moringa oleifera (MO), or the common drumstick possesses antioxidant properties, and its pods, seeds, leaves, and bark have been used for the treatment of inflammatory and cancerous conditions. This systematic review attempts to synthesize original studies of MO extracts in cell lines to determine their specific antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and related effects. The literature was obtained from PubMed central, the Cochrane registry, and other sources including Google Scholar, and Embase. Studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. Custom data collection forms were employed and two independent evaluators compiled the relevant information. Eighteen studies were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. In most studies, MO leaves had more potent properties compared to other parts of the plant. Ethyl acetate and ethanolic extractions improved the potency of the extract. Effects were selective (different for normal cells and cancer cells) and dose-dependent. Anticancer and antioxidant activities were consistently reported, with effects exerted at the genetic and molecular levels. MO extracts potentially could be employed for therapeutic applications. The optimal sources, preparation protocols, and dosages have been researched, though further scrutiny is needed for a comprehensive formulation. Keywords: Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moringa oleifera.

Potential Use of Hematoxylin-curcumin as Natural Bio-stains for Tissue Sections.

Most bio-stains used in histopathology are synthetic thus pose potential health hazards, especially on long-term exposure. Thus, natural bio-stains which are eco-friendly and biodegradable are the need of the hour. The present manuscript explores the use of curcumin as a potential natural bio-stain for tissue sections. Curcumin is the active component of turmeric and belongs to the Zingiberaceae family.1 Phytochemical analysis of curcumin showed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and acidic polyphenolic compounds. Saponins embellish staining property by reducing surface tension.2 Tannins aid in the dying process and flavonoids impart hue. Due to the acidic polyphenolic compounds, curcumin stains the basic tissues including collagen fibers, red blood cells, muscle cells, and cytoplasm.3.

Laser Capture Microdissection in Oral Cancer.

Oral cancer is one of the most significant public health concerns in the world. The past decades have witnessed the trend of molecular profiling for diagnostic and prognostic implications.

Three-dimensional Printing in Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing involves the process of constructing a 3D solid object from a digital file. Charles Hull was the first to introduce 3D printer in 1983 by using the technique of stereolithography.1 Since the 1990s 3D printing has gained attention in the field of medicine where more precision is required and has largely replaced the traditional technique in prosthetic works.2,3.

Ephebodontics: A Little-known Branch of Dentistry.

Adolescence is an age group defined from the onset of puberty to establishment of social independence. Chronologically it is defined as the age of 10 to 18 years but social and behavioral situations may dictate vari-ability.1 Ephebodontics is the term coined for adolescent dentistry in the April 1969 issue of Dental Clinics of North America. The dental needs of adolescents differ largely from other established age groups. There are anomalous physical, emotional, and psychological changes in adolescents that need specific health care protocol.2.

Identification of oral immune disorders- A review and a diagnostic algorithm.

Immunological disorders are observed in various clinical presentations in the oral cavity. The pathophysiology of these disorders include but are not limited to primary oral auto-immune disease, systemic disease with oral findings, malignancies, hypersensitivity reactions, drug-induced, and infection-related. Many of these disorders have overlapping oral features, making it difficult for the clinician to diagnose and treat the disorder. There is a need to provide a simple and practical decision-making algorithm to the clinicians and provide them guidance on laboratory investigations. The present review provides a diagnostic algorithm that might minimize outpatient process delays and lead to early management. This is crucial in many cases where oral findings may be the first sign of the disorder, and early treatment can preclude dissemination and complications of the disorder.

Necrotizing periodontal diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: A review.

Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients have depleted CD4 lymphocyte counts and are susceptible to a plethora of infections of bacterial, viral, and fungal etiology. In addition to a wide range of systemic manifestations, human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients also display several characteristic oral manifestations. Studies have shown a correlation between some of the oral manifestations and CD4 lymphocyte counts which in turn is an independent prognostic indicator. To tackle the human immunodeficiency virus numerous drugs have been discovered and implemented. To overcome any potential resistance, human immunodeficiency virus patients are prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy, wherein a combination of antiretroviral regimens are used. Studies have shown that in addition to controlling the viral activity, the treatment regimen, has a significant effect on the oral manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The present paper highlights the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on periodontal diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.

Reviewing the oral carcinogenic potential of E-cigarettes using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation.

The past decade has seen a surge in the use of e-cigarettes, which has prompted the medical community to assess any associated potential health hazards. A major concern was the risk of cancer. Chemical analysis of e-cigarettes has shown the presence of volatile organic compounds with the potential for carcinogenicity. Comparative toxicology analysis has shown e-cigarette to have relatively lower dosages of toxins than conventional combustible cigarettes. Based on comparative analysis, e-cigarettes have been increasingly advocated as a safe alternative to conventional cigarettes. It is vital to recognize that presence of relatively lower toxin level does not preclude carcinogenic potential. The nicotine present in the e-cigarette was presumed to be the major cytotoxic agents, thus nicotine-free e-cigarette was considered as inert. On the contrary, experimental studies on oral cell lines have shown DNA strand breaks on exposure to e-cigarette vapors with or without nicotine. In addition, dysregulations of genes associated with carcinogenic pathways have also been demonstrated in oral tissues exposed to e-cigarette vapors. Despite alarming molecular data, the oral carcinogenic potential of e-cigarette remains unclear, which can be attributed to the lack of long-term prospective and large-scale case-control studies. As e-cigarette users often have other well-established risk factors (conventional cigarette smoking, alcohol, etc.) as associated habits, it is difficult to assess e-cigarette as an independent risk factor for oral cancer. Thus, the present manuscript aims to review the published literature using the Brad Ford Hill criteria of causation to determine the oral carcinogenic potential of e-cigarettes.