Assessment of health infrastructure in tackling COVID-19: A case study of European and American scenario.

The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic is an unparalleled threat intoday's quickly developing climate, and we face it as a global community. Like climate change, it is challenging our resilience from environmental health, social security, and government, to knowledge exchange and economic policy in all sectors of the economy and all fields of growth. So much as climate change, everybody's coming together would require the initiative. Throughout Europe and America, several organizations have mobilized to ensure that the neediest are not left behind, encouraging emergencies and disruptions avoidance and preparedness. The coronavirus outbreak has highlighted the growing community's strengths and vulnerabilities that it has influenced, and has provided us with the ability to benefit from each other's accomplishments and shortcomings. The comparison graph has also been shown in this paper displaying European and American scenarios. The globe might feel smaller amid disaster states and global travel bans, but it is a period when teamwork and looking outward were never more relevant.

Serum leptin levels correlation with high blood pressure in adult females.

OBJECTIVE: To measure serum leptin levels and compare them in lean and obese subjects and to identify correlation between serum leptin levels, heart rate and hypertension in lean and obese subjects among adult females. DESIGN: A case control study. PLACE AND DURATION: Jinnah Medical and Dental College Hospital's Outpatient Department (OPD) during the calender year 2003. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy female subjects with different body mass indices were selected from OPD of Jinnah Medical and Dental College Hospital (OPD), Karachi. Heart rate was counted manually; blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometer while serum leptin was measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay. The outcomes hypertension and heart rate were correlated to risk factor leptin. RESULT: Mean heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum leptin levels of obese people were 90 +/- 1, 142 +/- 2, 89 +/- 1 and 24.13 +/- 1.7 respectively, which were significantly higher as compared to lean subjects (p<0.05). All the parameters correlated positively and significantly with increasing BMI. CONCLUSION: There was a relationship of tachycardia and hypertension with high serum leptin levels in obesity. Serum leptin levels increase with the level of obesity. Hyper-leptinemia is associated with tachycardia and increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in obesity via complex mechanisms.