[Possibilities of educational process and researches realization using organs and tissues of the deceased person]. / Vozmozhnosti realizatsii obrazovatel'nogo protsessa i nauchnykh issledovanii s ispol'zovaniem organov i tkanei umershego.

The article presents the results of analysis of doctors' practical training as well as scientific research using organs and tissues of the deceased person. The main problematic aspects preventing appropriate realization of the possibility to use the unclaimed bodies, organs and tissues of the deceased person for these purposes are highlighted based on the study of regulatory framework controlling these activities, scientific publications on defined topic, as well as the direct authors' participation in the training of resident doctors and PhD students.

[The distinc features of a blood drip stain on a surface covered with house dust]. / Osobennosti sleda kapli krovi na poverkhnosti, pokrytoi bytovoi pyl'yu.

The purpose of the investigation is to establish the characteristics of a blood drip stains on a surface covered with house dust. In most cases, objects at the crime scene are covered in some degree of dust deposits. Accordingly, in external bleeding wounds, blood drops on dusty surfaces. The experiment established the peculiarities of drip stains on glass covered with dust. Compared with a clean surface, there was a greater number of spines at the edge of the drip stain. There was pronounced widespread and sectoral splashing. This can be explained by the fact that the dust particles are obstacles which, when the droplet spreads across the surface, form an irregular edge and cause splashing.

[Fatal injury to the neck while working with an angle grinder]. / Smertel'noe ranenie shei pri vypolnenii montazhnykh rabot s ispol'zovaniem uglovoi shlifoval'noi mashiny.

A fatal accident using an angle grinder is presented. During the forensic medical examination of the corpse, a soft tissue wound of the neck was found, localized in the region of its anterior and right lateral surfaces, with damage to the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, sternocleidomastoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid lobe, incomplete transection of the trachea and esophagus caused by the rotating disc of an angle grinder. This observation supplements the existing ideas about injuries caused by power tools, as well as the possibility of reconstructing an event based on a comprehensive assessment of data from the scene.

[The occurrence of contact traces of blood during medical and forensic examinations]. / Vstrechaemost' kontaktnykh sledov krovi pri provedenii mediko-kriminalisticheskikh ekspertiz.

The purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis of the available types of contact traces of blood and the establishment of their occurrence at the objects of medical and forensic examinations. Contact marks are formed as a result of the mechanical interaction of two objects, one of which is stained with blood. The literature data allow us to distinguish several types of contact traces of blood: impressions, smears, smearing, «voids¼, traces in the form of changes in the existing stain from wiping, washing, traces-artifacts from insects. Each type has a mechanism of formation and characteristic features. We analyzed 107 archival medical and forensic examinations. In the examinations in which the material situation of the scene of the incident (5 or more objects) is maximally represented, contact traces were present in 76% of the examinations, which indicates a high occurrence. The following types of contact traces of blood were the most common: smears (29% of all examinations), smearing (22.4%) and «voids¼ (10.3%). Other types of contact traces were less common.

[The study of blood stains at the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Sechenov University over the period of its existence]. / Izuchenie sledov krovi na kafedre sudebnoi meditsiny Sechenovskogo universiteta za period ee sushchestvovaniya.

The historical analysis and the results of research activities of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Sechenov University on the study of blood stains as important material evidence in forensic medicine and forensic science are presented. The personal contribution to the solution of this problem of outstanding forensic doctors whose life and work was associated with the department was noted.

[Types of splashing of blood drops when falling on various surfaces]. / Vidy razbryzgivaniia kapli krovi pri padenii na razlichnye poverkhnosti.

Aim of this study is to determine the influence of the surface irregularities on the presence and pattern of splashing in the area of the blood drop trace.Spraying of a freely falling drop of blood on various surfaces from a height of 10 to 150 cm was studied. It is suggested to distinguish primary and secondary spraying. Primary spraying is the result of the drop falling and its collision with the surface, the secondary spraying is caused by the second and subsequent drops falling into the formed trace, as well as by mechanical affect on the region of not fully dried, liquid blood. Satellite drops splashing should be evaluated separately. We received experimental blood traces from falling of the 40 µl drops on a smooth surface, smooth slightly fibrous surface and rough surface. It is established that when a drop falls on a smooth surface (glass), primary spraying is absent. Signs of spray appear on a flat, slightly fibrous surface (cardboard) when a drop falls from a height of 60 cm, on a rough surface (corrugated vinyl film) - from a height of 20 cm.

[Pneumocephaly: an expert assessment in determining the severity of harm to health]. / Pnevmotsefaliya: ekspertnaya otsenka opredeleniya tyazhesti vreda zdorov'yu.

The purpose of the work is the analysis of etiology and pathogenesis of pneumocephaly in various injuries, diseases and pathological conditions for the reasonable determination of the severity of health damage during forensic medical examinations. The analysis of literature data on the causes and mechanisms of pneumocephaly is given. Attention is paid to the assessment of pneumocephaly in determining the health damage in patients with traumatic brain injury or if it is suspected. It is proposed to consider pneumocephaly as an indirect sign of a skull fracture. In case of pneumocephaly, a radiologically confirmed fracture is necessary to justify serious health damage. The medical documents of the victim should be examined to exclude concomitant diseases and pathological conditions that can lead to pneumocephaly.

[Variants for conducting situational studies and expertises in forensic medical practice]. / Varianty provedeniya situatsionnykh issledovanii i ekspertiz v sudebno-meditsinskoi praktike.

The aim of the study is to analyze the features of commissioning and conducting the forensic situational studies and expertises and to consider variants for their practical implementation. The importance of a situational analysis when conducting various types of forensic medical expertises is considered. The variants for conducting situational studies and situational expertises in practical work are proposed.

[The possibility for determining the height of the fall of the blood drops based on the size of the bloodspots]. / Vozmozhnost' ustanovleniia vysoty padeniia kapel' krovi po razmeru ikh sledov.

The objective of the present study was to determine the size of the bloodspots produced by the blood drops of different volume (5, 20, 40, and 80 mcl) falling down from different heights to enable the evaluation of the height of a suspended bloodstained object. The bloodspots of the blood drops of different volume (5, 20, 40, and 80 mcl) falling down from different heights were obtained under the experimental conditions. It was shown that the size of the bloodspots increases with the increasing height of fall: the greater the height the larger is the diameter of the bloodspots. Given that the drop volume is known, the size of the bloodspots can be used to determine the height of the suspended bloodstained object. In the practical work of the forensic medical expert, the blood drop volume is as a rule unknown, therefore the height of their fall can be roughly determined based on the morphological features of the bloodspots.

[Forensic, clinical and anatomical aspects of diagnosising diaphragmatic injuries in stab wounds]. / Sudebno-meditsinskie i kliniko-anatomicheskie aspekty diagnostiki koloto-rezanykh povrezhdenii diafragmy.

AIM: To improve the quality of clinical and forensic examination and diagnosis of diaphragmatic injury (DI) from stab wounds by defining the boundaries of the thoraco-abdominal region and the topographic and anatomical characteristics of thoracoabdominal stab wounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the results of forensic medical examinations of 81 corpses with stab wounds, the clinical and anatomical characteristics of thoraco-abdominal stab wounds were noted; and in anatomical dissections of 90 cadavers, the boundaries of the intercostal spaces and costophrenic recess were modeled. RESULT: The boundaries of the thoraco-abdominal region, and the location of stab wounds that make the probability of DI particularly high (10-50%) were clarified. A method for diagnosing DI was developed. The method was used to identify DI in 81 out of 411 victims with penetrating stab wounds to the chest and abdomen. The results of the study prove the feasibility of using computed tomography in the examination of living persons with a wound in the thoracoabdominal region. This study can assist in determining the features of a wound channel, in providing a correct assessment of the damage, and in the identification of undiagnosed DI.

[Classification of medical-criminalistic situational examinations]. / Klassifikatsiia mediko-kriminalisticheskikh situatsionnykh ékspertiz.

The aim of this study was to develop a detailed applied classification of medical-criminalistic situational examinations. This paper proposes a classification of importance for practice and research of medical-criminalistic expertise on the reconstruction of events. The basic criteria which determine how the classification of situational examinations is performed are considered.

[Analysis of blood morphology in the case of arterial damage]. / Analiz morfologii sledov krovi, obrazovavshikhsia pri povrezhdenii arterii.

The aim of this study was the morphological analysis of traces of arterial bleeding, depending on the size of the blood vessel damage. A total of 21 archived medical-criminalistic expert reports related to the establishment of the types and mechanisms of blood trace formations were analysed. In all cases, there was damage to the arteries with external bleeding. The relationship between the size of arterial damage and the morphological characteristics of blood traces was established.

[Influence of negative ambient temperature on the morphology of blood droplet traces]. / Vliianie otritsatel'noi temperatury okruzhaiushchei sredy na morfologiiu sledov kapel' krovi.

The aim of this study was to identify the peculiarities of blood droplets on the street in frosty weather on the surfaces of objects with a negative temperature. The effect of negative ambient temperature (-19 °C) on the morphology of blood droplet traces was experimentally established. On cold trace surfaces, the droplet footprint was smaller, relatively flat and with wave-shaped edges; there was no splashing. Such a morphological presentation in frosty weather arises from the rapid cooling of the falling drop of blood which crystallizes in contact with the cold surface. There was no complete spreading of liquid droplets. The data obtained should be taken into account when assessing the traces of blood droplets detected at the scene of the incident on the street in winter, in order to avoid expert errors in determining their mechanism and the height of the blood source.

[The analysis of the results of the medical criminalistics expertises of the blood stains performed at the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Moscow Health Department during the period from 2011 till 2015]. / Analiz mediko-kriminalisticheskikh ékspertiz sledov krovi, vypolnennykh v Biuro sudebno-meditsinskoi ékspertizy Departamenta zdravookhraneniia Moskvy za period 2011-2015 gg.

The objective of the present study was the analysis of the results of the medical criminalistics expertises of the blood stains with reference to their different characteristics including the occurrence across the years, variability, the forms and parameters of the traumatizing impacts, the properties of the objects with which the injuries were inflicted, etc. The majority of the data necessary for the analysis were extracted from the archive materials of the Medical and Criminalistic Department of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Moscow Health Department for the period from 2011 till 2015. A total of 5749 expertises performed during this time included 107 analyses of blood stains, 98 trace-evidence and 9 situational analyses. The specific features of such expertises include a large number of objects carrying blood stains available for the analysis. In the majority of the cases, such objects are stained with blood of several types differing in the mechanisms of their formation. 3D-scanning of the scene of the event with the subsequent three-dimensional computer-assisted simulation of the actions of each participant of the accident is considered to be the most promising method for the medical criminalistic expertise of the blood stains. The application of this approach is believed to make the work of the forensic medical experts significantly easier.

[The peculiar morphological features of the imprints of straight and wavy head hair dirtied with blood]. / Osobennosti otpechatkov priamykh i volnistykh volos golovy, ispachkannykh krov'iu.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the specific morphological features of the imprints of blood-soaked straight and wavy head hair. The contact imprints of straight and wavy head hair dirtied with blood were obtained experimentally. The imprints of straight hair were shown to exhibit the elements in the form of the rectilinear and bow-shaped slightly bent stripes. The imprints of wavy hair were shaped as the arches, waves, circles, and a large number of various small elements, such as dashes and commas.

[The specific features of the blood stains depending on their volume]. / Osobennosti sledov kapel' krovi pri ikh razlichnom ob''eme.

The objective of the present study was to determine the minimal and maximum volume of blood droplets freely falling from various droplet-forming surfaces and to characterize the specific morphological features of the resulting stains. The experiments were designed so that the blood droplets were allowed to fall down from the height of 10 cm to 1.5 m. The drop volume varied from 5 mcl to 134 mcl depending on the shape of the objects and the area of the droplet-forming surfaces. The size of the blood stains ranged from 0.4 to 2.4 cm. The stains of a smaller size were regarded as splashes while a stain resulting from the fall of a droplet having a volume greater than 200 mcl was considered to be a result of merging of several droplets and was termed 'blood volume'. The morphological features of the blood stains of different volume are described.

[The joint scientific research projects carried out by the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Sechenovsky University and the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Moscow Health Department]. / Sovmestnaia nauchno-issledovatel'skaia rabota kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny Sechenovskogo universiteta i Biuro sudebno-meditsinskoi ékspertizy Departamenta zdravookhraneniia Moskvy.

This article was designed to report the results of scientific research and practical forensic medical work carried out jointly by the personnel of Department of Forensic Medicine of the Sechenovsky University and the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Moscow Health Department during the last 5 years.

[The peculiar morphological features of the blood stains on the snow over of different density]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti sledov kapel' krovi na snezhnom pokrove raznoi plotnosti.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the peculiar morphological features of the blood stains on the snow over of different density. We have undertaken the modeling and investigation of the blood stains on the loose snow cover (ρ=0.35±0.03 g/cm3) and at the areas of snow compacted by a motor-vehicle wheel (ρ=0.96±0.03 g/cm3) with the use of the visual, metric, descriptive, and statistical methods. The analysis of the blood stain patterns on the loose snow showed that a blood drop tends to form a depressed cylindrical canal at the bottom of which an irregularly shaped spherical element can be seen; it is composed of small snow crystals soaked with blood. The upper end of the canal has the fine-scalloped edge tending to shed unevenly. The morphological picture of the blood stains at the compacted snow cover is similar to that on the hard wettable rough surfaces; they have the oval shape and the unevenly serrated edge with the well apparent signs of sputtering.at the periphery.

[The history of collaboration between the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Moscow Health Department and the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Sechenovsky University]. / Istoriia vzaimodeistviia Biuro sudebno-meditsinskoi ékspertizy Departamenta zdravookhraneniia Moskvy i kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny Sechenovskogo universiteta.

This article presents the materials devoted to the long-term history of collaboration between the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Moscow Health Department and the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Sechenovsky University. Special attention is given to the contribution made by the Department of Forensic Medicine to the scientific and practical activities, methodological and staffing support first of the Moscow forensic medical services and thereafter of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise operating under the auspices of the Moscow Health Department. Simultaneously, the influence of the work of the Moscow Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise on the development and improvement of the scientific, methodological, and pedagogical activities of the Russia's oldest Department of Forensic Medicine is overviewed. The personal contribution of the most prominent forensic medical experts and physicians of Moscow to medical science and practice is illustrated by concrete examples.

[The specific features of the blood stains on the water-lubricated surfaces]. / Osobennosti sledov kapel' krovi na poverkhnosti, smochennoi vodoi.

The objective of the present study was the experimental investigation of the morphological characteristics of the 20 mcl blood droplets which freely fell down onto the surfaces that were either dry or moderately and profusely lubricated with water. The morphological properties of the resulting blood stains on the glass surfaces, dry or moderately and profusely lubricated with water, are described. The most characteristic features of such stains at the wet surface were the uneven serrated and stripe-like prominences, radial 'lucent stripes' passing into the splashing elements. The size of the blood stains at the water-lubricated surface increased by 8-44%.