Evolution of neural network to deep learning in prediction of air, water pollution and its Indian context.

The scenario of developed and developing countries nowadays is disturbed due to modern living style which affects environment, wildlife and natural habitat. Environmental quality has become or is a subject of major concern as it is responsible for health hazard of mankind and animals. Measurements and prediction of hazardous parameters in different fields of environment is a recent research topic for safety and betterment of people as well as nature. Pollution in nature is an after-effect of civilization. To combat the damage already happened, some processes should be evolved for measurement and prediction of pollution in various fields. Researchers of all over the world are active to find out ways of predicting such hazard. In this paper, application of neural network and deep learning algorithms is chosen for air pollution and water pollution cases. The purpose of this review is to reveal how family of neural network algorithms has applied on these two pollution parameters. In this paper, importance is given on algorithm, and datasets used for air and water pollution as well as the predicted parameters have also been noted for ease of future development. One major concern of this paper is Indian context of air and water pollution research, and the research potential presents in this area using Indian dataset. Another aspect for including both air and water pollutions in one review paper is to generate an idea of artificial neural network and deep learning techniques which can be cross applicable for future purpose.

Functional Outcome of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fracture Fixation by Intramedullary Interlocking Surgical Implant Generation Network Nail.

Subtrochanteric femoral fractures are one of the common fractures encountered in today's Orthopaedic practice. High stress leads implant failure and produce varus collapse. From the perspective of biomechanics, intramedullary fixation has unique advantage which can better distribute stress and acting load-sharing implants. Biomechanically proximal wide canal and short segment provide less optimal fixation by conventional intramedullary nails. Intramedullary nail by Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) has proximal interlocking that gain purchase through femoral neck and provide improved stability for proximal part. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of subtrochanteric fractures fixation by intramedullary interlocking SIGN nail. This prospective study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2018 at National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR) through non randomized purposive sampling. Total 31 patients, aged above 18 years irrespective of sex with closed subtrochanteric fractures were included. Patients with pathological fracture, multiple injuries were excluded from the study. The mean age of the patients was 42.61±19.59 years with range 18-80 years. Most common fractures were Seinsheimer type III (51.6%) and average follows up 42.39 weeks (24-48 weeks). Union rate 93.55% with delayed union 6.45% and no nonunion. Functionally most of patient started early partial (77.42%) and full (64.52%) weight bearing with 61.29% have full knee ROM and 83.9% without limb shortening. Maximum patients regained walking (83.87%) and squatting (90.32%) and return to preinjury state (80.65%) of activities. Evaluation of outcome by Modified Harris Hip Score showed excellent (70.97%), good (22.58%), fair (3.23%) and poor (3.23%) thus satisfactory outcome were 93.55%. This study concludes that intramedullary interlocking SIGN nail is a safe and reliable implant for the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures with excellent functional outcome.

Prospective Study of Deterioration of Quality-of-Life among Elderly Women with Untreated Fracture of Neck of Femur in Rural Areas of Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Elderly women are very much prone to develop fracture at neck of femur sustained by even minute trauma. Most of the cases are due to fall. Osteoporosis gives rise to this vulnerable condition. In developing countries like Bangladesh the women of rural areas are the prime victims mostly due to illiteracy. To assess the quality-of-life (QOL) of elderly women (>60 years) with untreated hip fractures in a rural areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh is the objective of this study. This prospective study was done from January 2019 to December 2019 in Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department of Mymensingh Medical Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Twenty-five elderly women with untreated fracture neck of femur were enlisted in this study. EuroQol (EQ-5D) was applied to assess the Quality of life of subjects before and after the situation. Twenty-five elderly women of healed operated neck of femur were included as comparison group, matched for age, economic condition and educational status among neighborhood people. So, sample size was fifty. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare EQ-5D mean scores. Participants with hip fracture, 60% (15/25), 68% (17/25), 68% (17/25), 60% (15/25) and 92% (23/25) reported severe problems with mobility, pain, usual activity, self-care and anxiety respectively. The EQ-5D mean score among the elderly with fracture neck of femur was 0.198 (SD 0.14). It was low when compared with the same subjects before the occurrence of the event (Z-6.522, p<0.001) and as compared with the comparison group (Z-7.92 p<0.001). QOL scores assessed using EQ-5D index scores was poor among elderly women with untreated fracture neck of femur as compared with the healed operated comparison group. Vast majority of study participants in this study were reported severe problems like mobility, pain, usual activity and self-care and anxiety.

SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and immunity: a hospital-based study from Malawi.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 transmission and disease dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood. Our study aims to provide insight into COVID-19 epidemiology in Malawi by estimating SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hospital-based setting. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based, convenience sampling, cross-sectional survey for SARS-CoV-2 in Lilongwe, Malawi. Participants answered a questionnaire and were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) was performed in seropositive samples to estimate immunity. Poisson regression was used to assess SARS-CoV-2 point prevalence association with demographic and behavioral variables. FINDINGS: The study included 930 participants. We found a combined point prevalence of 10.1%. Separately analyzed, RT-PCR positivity was 2.0%, and seropositivity was 9.3%. Of tested seropositive samples, 90.1% were sVNT positive. We found a high rate (45.7%) of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 point prevalence was significantly associated with being a healthcare worker. INTERPRETATION: Our study suggests that official data underestimate COVID-19 transmission. Using sVNTs to estimate immunity in Malawi is feasible and revealed considerable post-infection immunity in our cohort. Subclinical infection and transmission are probably a game-changer in surveillance, mitigation and vaccination strategies.

Result of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fracture Fixation by Intramedullary Interlocking Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) Nail.

Treatment of sub-trochanteric femoral fractures is a challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. High incidence of fixation failure and nonunion is due to thick cortical bone deserves special consideration of surgical treatment. Intramedullary nail by Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) shows promising results in comparison to conventional fixation method because of its better strength, accuracy and surprisingly better results in infection and non-union. The aim of this study was to assess the rate and time taken for union of fractures by SIGN nail and determine peri-operative parameters. This prospective study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2018 at National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic rehabilitation (NITOR) through non randomized purposive sampling. Total 31 patients, aged above 18 years irrespective of sex with closed subtrochanteric fractures were included. Patients with pathological fracture, multiple injuries were excluded from the study. Union status evaluated by Radiographic Union Score for Tibial (RUST) fracture where antero-posterior and lateral radiographs (X-ray) based assessment of healing of the four cortices done. The individual cortical scores were added to give a total score 4 being the minimum indicating fracture is definitely not healed and 12 being the maximum score indicating that the fracture is definitely healed. The mean age of the patients was 42.61±19.59 years with range 18-80 years. Majority of patients were male (68%) and most of injury (68%) due to road traffic accident with common fracture were Seinsheimer type III (51.6%). Average hospital stay period was 16.39 days and average follows up 42.39 weeks (24-48 weeks). Time taken for union was 14.16 weeks (11-28 weeks). According to RUST scores fracture union rate 93.55% with delayed union 6.45% and no nonunion. There was one patient with superficial wound infection, one unaccepted shortening and with no implant failure. This study concludes that intramedullary interlocking SIGN nail is a safe and reliable implant for the treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures.

Laparoscopic surgery for acute neonatal appendicitis.

We present the first two cases of acute neonatal appendicitis operated on through the laparoscopic approach. Acute neonatal appendicitis is uncommon and rarely considered by clinicians when assessing the neonatal acute abdomen. Our two cases demonstrate the potential value of diagnostic laparoscopy in the acute neonatal abdomen that poses a diagnostic dilemma. Furthermore, technical modifications of well-established laparoscopic techniques in the older child enable its use in neonates as a therapeutic tool.

Clinical Outcome in Intra Articular Distal Humerus Fractures in Adults Treated with Different Hardware in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Bangladesh.

In adults, distal humerus fractures are infrequent and frequently intra-articular. Customarily encompass both medial and lateral columns. Operative management gives constructive outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcome in intra articular distal humerus fractures in adults treated by different hardware. This prospective study consists of 20 purposively selected patients with intra articular distal humerus fractures treated by surgical intervention with different hardware who were admitted to Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh in between November 2016 to October 2018. Surgical approaches were standard dorsal with or without olecranon osteotomy. The mean age of the patients was 32.3 years, range between 18-55 years. The maximum patients i.e. 85% were between 18-45 years. Seventy percent (70%) of the cases admitted were due to Road traffic accident (RTA). Most of the patients were males 14(70%) with right upper limb was involved in 13(65%) cases. Mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 81.5 post-operatively. According to Mayo Elbow Performance (MEP) score clinical outcome was excellent in 20%, good in 50%, fair in 25% and poor in 10% of patients. Distal humerus fractures are censorious in nature. Proper anatomical articular reconstruction and stable fixation by surgical intervention helps in fruitful results.

Adsorption characteristics of brilliant green dye on kaolin.

Experimental investigations were carried out to adsorb toxic brilliant green dye from aqueous medium using kaolin as an adsorbent. Characterization of kaolin is done by measuring: (i) particle size distribution using particle size analyzer, (ii) BET surface area using BET surface analyzer, and (iii) structural analysis using X-ray diffractometer. The effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, kaolin dose, stirring speed, pH and temperature were studied for the adsorption of brilliant green in batch mode. Adsorption experiments indicate that the extent of adsorption is strongly dependent on pH of solution. Free energy of adsorption (DeltaG0), enthalpy (DeltaH0) and entropy (DeltaS0) changes are calculated to know the nature of adsorption. The calculated values of DeltaG0 at 299K and 323K indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous. The estimated values of DeltaH0 and DeltaS0 both show the negative sign, which indicate that the adsorption process is exothermic and the dye molecules are organized on the kaolin surface in less randomly fashion than in solution. The adsorption kinetic has been described by first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle-diffusion models. It was observed that the rate of dye adsorption follows pseudo-second-order model for the dye concentration range studied in the present case. Standard adsorption isotherms were used to fit the experimental equilibrium data. It was found that the adsorption of brilliant green on kaolin follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Spectrum of Acute Viral Hepatitis in Southern India.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hepatitis-A among adults in India is on the decline as majority develops protective immunity to it by late adolescence. Most of these studies are from northern India. Clinical spectrum of sporadic acute viral hepatitis from southern India has not been well documented. METHODS: A prospective hospital based study was conducted in a large military hospital in southern India. 224 consecutive patients with acute viral hepatitis were studied for their presentation, etiology and clinical features. RESULT: Hepatitis-E was detected in 102 (45.4%), hepatitis A in 74 (33%) and hepatitis B in 28 (12.5%) patients. Acute hepatitis C was detected in two patients. 15 patients had a mixed infection. Hepatitis A constituted 41.2% and 31.3% of all cases in the age groups 11-20 and 21-30 years respectively. Cholestasis was present in 68 (30.4%) patients with hepatitis E accounting for most (61.8%) cases. There were four (1.8%) cases of acute liver failure. Two cases were due to hepatitis E and one case each was due to hepatitis A and hepatitis B. A relapsing course was seen in four cases due to hepatitis-A. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis A remains a significant cause of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in young adults in southern India.

The roles of homologous recombination and the immune system in the genomic evolution of cancer.

A variety of factors, whether extracellular (mutagens/carcinogens and viruses in the environment, chronic inflammation and radiation associated with the environment and/or electronic devices/machines) and/or intracellular (oxidative metabolites of food, oxidative stress due to inflammation, acid production, replication stress, DNA replication/repair errors, and certain hormones, cytokines, growth factors), pose a constant threat to the genomic integrity of a living cell. However, in the normal cellular environment multiple biological pathways including DNA repair, cell cycle, apoptosis and the immune system work in a precise, regulated (tightly controlled), timely and concerted manner to ensure genomic integrity, stability and proper functioning of a cell. If damage to DNA takes place, it is efficiently and accurately repaired by the DNA repair systems. Homologous recombination (HR) which utilizes either a homologous chromosome (in G1 phase) or a sister chromatid (in G2) as a template to repair the damage, is known to be the most precise repair system. HR in G2 which utilizes a sister chromatid as a template is also called an error free repair system. If DNA damage in a cell is so extensive that it overwhelms the repair system/s, the cell is eliminated by apoptosis. Thus, multiple pathways ensure that genome of a cell is intact and stable. However, constant exposure to DNA damage and/or dysregulation of DNA repair mechanism/s poses a risk of mutation and cancer. Oncogenesis, which seems to be a multistep process, is associated with acquisition of a number of genomic changes that enable a normal cell to progress from benign to malignant transformation. Transformed/cancer cells are recognized and killed by the immune system. However, the ongoing acquisition of new genomic changes enables cancer cells to survive/escape immune attack, evolve into a more aggressive phenotype, and eventually develop resistance to therapy. Although DNA repair (especially the HR) and the immune system play unique roles in preserving genomic integrity of a cell, they can also contribute to DNA damage, genomic instability and oncogenesis. The purpose of this article is to highlight the roles of DNA repair (especially HR) and the immune system in genomic evolution, with special focus on gastrointestinal cancer.

Giant Cell Tumour of the Talus: A Rare Case Report.

Giant-cell tumor constitutes 4-20% of all primary bone tumors in south East Asian population. They are benign locally aggressive bone tumour first described by cooper in 1818. These tumors occur predominantly in meta-epiphyseal region. Most often they are located around the knee joint. Although most of the tumors are diagnosed on plain radiograph alone, varying CT and MRI presentations of these tumors are essential to narrow down the differentials has an extended pre operative assessment.

Comparative Study of Stabilization of Humerus Supracondylar Fracture in Children by Percutaneous Pinning From Lateral Side and Both Sides.

The aim of this prospective experimental study was to analyze the radiological and clinical results of the supra condylar fracture of Humerus in children and conducted the functional outcome of closed reduction and internal fixation by percutaneous Kirschner-wire from lateral side and crossed technique in the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Sher-E-Bangla Nagor, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2011 to June 2013. Patients diagnosed as closed Supracondylar fracture of Humerus in children due to trauma were the study population. Total 30 patients aged 2 to 12 years irrespective of sex were included in the study and were divided in 2 groups. Information obtained included age, sex, type of fracture, management, outcomes and complications. The mean age was 7.80±2.08 and 5.93±2.31 years for Group I and Group II patients. Age range was 2-12 years. Males were predominant 11(73.3%) Group I and Group II. Fractures were primarily caused by fall from tree and left side predominant. In Group I the time elapsed between injury and surgery was minimum 2 hours and maximum 24 hours with mean±SD was 9.20±7.20, while in Group II minimum and maximum of 3 and 48 hours respectively with mean±SD was 9.60±11.01. Minimum and maximum post operative hospital stays were 1 and 2 days in Group I and Group II. Follow-up were carried out after 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks of operation. Loss of post operative range of motion of elbow and loss of carrying angle was not significant (p>0.05). Functional outcome was analyzed by Flynn's grading. In this study there were 3(20%) cases with excellent, 10(66.67%) were good and 2(13.33%) were fair functional outcomes in Group I. In Group II excellent, good and fair functional outcome were 3(20%), 9(60%) and 3(20%) respectively. After chi-square test there was no significant difference between two groups.

Correlation of Foot Height with Stature in 5-10 Years Aged Bangladeshi Children.

This cross sectional, descriptive and analytic type study was conducted among 5-10 years aged Bangladeshi children at different areas of Mymensingh district (Fulpur, Muktagacha, Fulbaria, Trisal and Haluaghat) on 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) from January 2016 to December 2016. Sample collection was done by nonrandom purposive sampling technique. Any kind of foot deformity resulting either from congenital or physical injury were excluded to construct standard measurement. The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5 to 10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding foot height, to measure correlation of stature with foot height and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Stature of the subject was measured with the stadiometer and foot height was measured using flexible measuring tape. The children were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean foot height of both sides of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male were 5.90±0.76cm, 5.76±0.64cm, 6.80±0.35cm, 6.86±0.35cm, 7.24±0.46cm and 7.28±0.66cm respectively and those of female were 5.48±0.67cm, 6.25±0.28cm, 6.19±0.58cm, 6.42±0.34cm, 6.30±0.49cm and 6.30±0.39cm respectively. Correlation between stature and foot height was made. Foot height showed non-significant positive correlation with stature in 5 years old male, 6 years old male, 7 years old male and female, 8 years old male, 9 years old male and female and 10 years old male and female. In case of 5 years old female, it showed significant positive correlation with stature.

Antibodies (IgG) to lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 mediate protection through inhibition of intestinal adherence and colonisation in a mouse model.

An antiserum raised against purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a Vibrio cholerae O1 strain (Co366) induced passive protection against challenge with the parent as well as other O1 organisms but not against O139 or non-O1/non-O139 organisms. A considerable level of protection against O1 strains was also observed with the IgG fraction of the antiserum which inhibited intestinal adherence and colonisation. The monovalent Fab(IgG) fragment, on the other hand, showed only a low level of protection. Interestingly, purified LPS failed to inhibit intestinal colonisation by the parent strain (Co366), thereby suggesting that the cell surface LPS moieties of vibrios may not be directly involved in the colonisation process. It may be concluded that the anti-LPS antibodies induce passive protection through microagglutination and/or immobilisation of vibrios which do not allow the organisms to adhere to and colonise the intestine.

Plasma concentrations of thioridazine metabolites and ECG abnormalities.

Five acute schizophrenic patients were given a standard thioridazine dose (4 mg/kg/day po). Their plasma concentrations of thioridazine and its metabolites were determined by GLC, and their ECG's were recorded routinely. In four of the five patients, abnormal ECG's (malformation of the T-wave or lengthening of the repolarization time) were found whenever plasma concentrations of the thioridazine ring sulfoxide were elevated. No relationship could be detected between the appearance of ECG abnormalities and the concentrations of thioridazine and its other metabolites.

GLC analysis of thioridazine, mesoridazine, and their metabolites.

A GLC method for measuring thioridazine, mesoridazine, their metabolites, and possibly other phenothiazines was developed. By using this method, seven different phenothiazine derivatives, thioridazine, and six known thioridazine metabolites were extracted and separated. This method was tested by assaying plasma samples from 30 hospitalized psychiatric patients receiving thioridazine or mesoridazine.

Iron and hemoglobin status of the offspring of guinea pigs whose mother received large doses of vitamin C during pregnancy and lactation.

1. Lower level of serum and liver iron were noted in the offspring of experimental group quinea pigs who received 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day. 2. Similar results were obtained in the hemoglobin content of same animals. 3. Normal values were observed for hemoglobin and the content of iron in serum and liver in the same group of offsprings when they were fed 4 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day.

Effects of high intake of vitamin C by the guinea pigs in pregnancy and lactation on the tissue levels of the vitamin in their offspring.

1. Though the growth-rate of the guinea pigs of both the groups - control and experimental were almost same, the gain in body weight in the offspring of experimental group animals were observed to be less when they were fed 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day. 2. Ascorbic acid content in the tissues of the offspring maintained on 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid belonging to the experimental group were low. 3. The rate of growth and the tissue content of ascorbic acid were found to be normal in the same group of animals when they were supplemented with 4 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight daily.

4-Methyl-N-

The title compound, C(20)H(19)NO(2)S(2), is formed by a palladium-copper-catalyzed reaction between 4-methyl-N-[2-(prop-2-ynylsulfanyl)phenyl]benzenesulfonamide and p-iodotoluene. The molecules contain three essentially planar parts, namely an aminothiophenol moiety (A), a toluenesulfone moiety excluding the oxo ligands (B) and a tolyl group (C), approximately orthogonal to each other; the dihedral angles A/B, A/C and B/C are 111.6 (1), 89.3 (1) and 101.4 (1) degrees, respectively. Intermolecular N-H.O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite one-dimensional chains.

Improvement of dry matter digestibility of water hyacinth by solid state fermentation using white rot fungi.

Feeding value of water hyacinth biomass colonized by three species of white rot fungi during solid-state fermentation was investigated. All three organisms proved to be efficient degraders and enhanced dry matter digestibility. Loss of organic matter was maximum (23.6+/-0.1% dry wt) after 48 days by P. ostreatus. C. indica showed maximum cellulose degradation (18.5+/-0.1% dry wt) than other two fungi after 48 days of incubation. In all cases, an extensive removal of hemicellulose at the initial growth period and a delayed degradation of lignin were observed. Hemicellulolysis was maximum (46.3+/-0.1% dry wt) by C. indica, but delignification (14.2+/-0.2% dry wt) by P. sajor-caju after 48 days. The amount of reducing sugar in the degraded biomass decreased at early stages, but increased as degradation progressed in all three cases (maximum 1.1+/-0.05% dry wt after 48 days by C. indica). Soluble nitrogen content increased only during 16-32 days of incubation (highest 1.1+/-0.1% dry wt after 32 days by P. sajor-caju). Crude protein of the bioconverted biomass increased gradually up to 32 days but decreased thereafter (maximum 10.3+/-0.1% dry wt after 32 days by P. sajor - caju). Per cent change in in vitro dry matter digestibility of degraded substrates enhanced gradually after 8 days and reached maximum after 32 days but thereafter decreased (highest + 20.4+/-0.3% dry wt by P. sajor-caju). The results demonstrated the efficient degrading capacity of the test fungi and their potential use in conversion of water hyacinth biomass into mycoprotein-rich ruminant feed, more so by P. sajor-caju.