RESUMO
Co-components are a powerful tool to tune the performance of catalysts, but their nature and their impact on the catalysts is often controversially discussed. In this study X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to elucidate the nature of co-components and their impact on the catalytic reaction. In anatase-supported Pd-based catalysts for the gas-phase acetoxylation of toluene, less noble co-components (e.g., Mn, Co, and Sb) spread over the support in their oxidic form and changed their valence state on stream. Incorporated atoms such as C or a small part of the Sb affect the electronic structure of Pd. For the noble Au, only a weak interaction with the support and Pd was observed during time on stream. Only XAS at the K-edges together with investigations of the Pd L-edge for a better understanding of the electronic structure, supplemented by STEM for elemental mapping, allow such detailed insights.