Point-of-care ultrasonography in nephrology: a cross-sectional national survey among Brazilian nephrologists.

INTRODUCTION: Point-of-care ultrasonography (US) (POCUS) has been used in several specialties, particularly in medical emergency. Despite the confirmation of its numerous benefits, the use of POCUS is still timid in nephrology. In the present study, we aim to investigate the use of POCUS by Brazilian nephrologists. METHODS: A survey carried out among the members of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, through institutional e-mail, using the SurveyMonkey platform. We included 12 self-administered questions, which answers were given anonymously. RESULTS: It was evident that the majority (64%) of the participants did not have the opportunity to practice US during their nephrological training in their residency, specialization, or even in internships; those with experience with US use the method mainly for implanting central vascular accesses (68%), performing a renal biopsy (58%) and evaluating renal morphology (50%); and the main barriers for nephrologists who do not yet use US are the high price of US machines (26%) and the lack of time to learn about US (23%). Also, POCUS use for examinations of other organs, such as the lung (31%) and heart (18%), which are fundamental in the cardiovascular and volume assessment of patients with kidney diseases, is even more limited. However, 95% of the participants expressed an interest in learning POCUS for use in their medical practice. CONCLUSION: Most of the Brazilian nephrologists interviewed were not trained in US; however, almost all of the research participants expressed an interest in learning to use POCUS in nephrological practice.

Consensus on the standard terminology used in the nutrition care of adult patients with chronic kidney disease.

This nutrition consensus document is the first to coordinate the efforts of three professional organizations - the Brazilian Association of Nutrition (Asbran), the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN), and the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (Braspen/SBNPE) - to select terminology and international standardized tools used in nutrition care. Its purpose is to improve the training delivered to nutritionists working with adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Eleven questions were developed concerning patient screening, care, and nutrition outcome management. The recommendations set out in this document were developed based on international guidelines and papers published in electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE(tm), CINHAL, Web of Science, and Cochrane. From a list of internationally standardized terms, twenty nutritionists selected the ones they deemed relevant in clinical practice involving outpatients with CKD. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated with 80% agreement in the answers. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess the strength of evidence and recommendations. A total of 107 terms related to Nutrition Assessment and Reassessment, 28 to Diagnosis, nine to Intervention, and 94 to Monitoring and Evaluation were selected. The list of selected terms and identified tools will be used in the development of training programs and the implementation of standardized nutrition terminology for nutritionists working with patients with chronic kidney disease in Brazil.

Covid-19 (Sars-Cov-2 Infection) Information for Patients with Predialytic Chronic Kidney Disease.

Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease are among those individuals at increased risk for developing more serious forms of Covid-19. This increased risk starts in the pre-dialysis phase of the disease. Providing useful information for these patients, in language that facilitates the understanding of the disease, can help nephrologists and other healthcare professionals to establish a more effective communication with these patients and help minimize contagion and the risks of serious illness in this population.

Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19).

These recommendations were created after the publication of informative note 3/2020- CGGAP/DESF/SAPS/MS, of April 4, 2020, in which the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommended the use of a cloth mask by the population, in public places. Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. The present recommendations have eleven items, related to this rationale, the procedures, indications, contraindications, as well as appropriate fabrics for the mask, and hygiene care to be adopted. These recommendations may change, at any time, in the light of new evidence.

Good practices recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology to Peritoneal Dialysis Services related to the new coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic.

Considering the new coronavirus epidemic (Covid-19), the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, represented by the Peritoneal Steering Committee, in agreement with the and the Dialysis Department, developed a series of recommendations for good clinical practices for peritoneal dialysis (PD) clinics, to be considered during the period of the Covid-19 epidemic. We aim to minimize the disease spread, protecting patients and staff, and ensuring the quality of the treatment provided and adequate follow-up for PD patients. The recommendations suggested at this moment must be adapted to each clinic's reality and the conditions of the structural and human resources, dependent on the adequate financial provision of the public health system for its full implementation.

Position statement from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine drug dose adjustment according to renal function.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have shown promising preliminary results and have been discussed as therapeutic options for patients with Covid-19. Despite the lack of robust evidence demonstrating the benefits and justifying the use of one of these drugs, the final decision is the responsibility of the attending physician and should be individualized and shared, whenever possible. This position statement recommends dosage adjustment for these drugs in the context of renal impairment.

Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology for approaching Covid-19 Diagnostic Testing in Dialysis Units.

The Covid-19 pandemic brought several challenges to the healthcare system: diagnosis, treatment and measures to prevent the spread of the disease. With the greater availability and variety of diagnostic tests, it is essential to properly interpret them. This paper intends to help dialysis units concerning the use of clinical criteria and diagnostic tests for decision making regarding the discontinuation of isolation of patients with suspected or confirmed Covid-19, as well as the return to work activities for employees with suspected or confirmed Covid-19.

Good Practice Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology to Dialysis Units Concerning the Pandemic of the New Coronavirus (Covid-19).

Dialysis units are environments potentially prone to the spread of Covid-19. Patients cannot suspend treatment, and they often have comorbidities, which assigns them a higher risk and worse prognosis. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology prepared this document of good practices, whose technical recommendations deal with general measures that can be implemented to reduce the risk of transmission and prevent the spread of the disease in the unit.

Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine.

We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.

Pure red cell aplasia and anti-erythropoietin antibodies in patients on hemodialysis: a report of two cases and a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a frequent multifactorial complication of CKD seen in patients on dialysis derived mainly from impaired erythropoietin (EPO) production. A less common cause of anemia in individuals with CKD is pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) secondary to the production of anti-EPO antibodies. OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed two describe two cases of PRCA secondary to the production of anti-EPO antibodies including choice of treatment, patient progression, and a literature review. MATERIALS: This study included the cases of two patients with CKD on hemodialysis with severe anemia in need of specific investigation and management. RESULTS: Patient 1 with CKD secondary to hypertension treated with EPO for 7 months showed persistent decreases in hemoglobin (Hb) levels despite the subcutaneous administration of increasing doses of EPO; the patient required recurring blood transfusions. Workup and imaging tests were negative for the main causes of anemia in individuals with CKD on dialysis. Patient 2 with CKD secondary to adult polycystic kidney disease had been taking EPO for 2 years. The patient developed severe abrupt anemia the month he was started on HD, and required recurring transfusions to treat the symptoms of anemia. Workup and imaging findings were inconclusive. Specific laboratory tests confirmed the patients had anti-EPO antibodies. After six months of immunosuppressant therapy (corticosteroids + cyclosporine) the patients were stable with Hb > 9.0 g/dl. CONCLUSION: PRCA is a rare condition among patients on dialysis treated with rhEPO and should be considered as a possible cause of refractory anemia. Treating patients with PRCA may be challenging, since the specific management and diagnostic procedures needed in this condition are not always readily available.

Hepatitis C in Hemodialysis Units: diagnosis and therapeutic approach.

According to data from the last census of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN), the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Brazilian hemodialysis units (HU) is 3.3%, about three times higher than what is reported for the Brazilian general population. Often, professionals working in HU are faced with clinical situations that require rapid HCV diagnosis in order to avoid horizontal transmission within the units. On the other hand, thanks to the development of new antiviral drugs, the cure of patients with HCV, both in the general population and in patients with chronic kidney disease and the disease eradication, appear to be very feasible objectives to be achieved in the near future . In this scenario, SBN and the Brazilian Society of Hepatology present in this review article a proposal to approach HCV within HUs.

Furosemide-induced pseudoporphyria in a patient with chronic kidney disease: case report.

INTRODUCTION: Pseudoporphyria is a rare photodermatosis with characteristics similar to those of porphyria cutanea tarda, without, however, presenting abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism. Its etiology is related to chronic kidney disease, ultraviolet radiation and certain medications. The aim of the present study is to describe a case of furosemide-related pseudoporphyria in a patient with chronic kidney disease. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 76-year-old male patient with stage 4 chronic kidney disease and in continuous use of furosemide presented ulcerated lesions with peripheral erythema and central hematic crust in the legs. On a skin infection suspicion, treatment with quinolone and neomycin sulfate was initiated, without improvement. A biopsy of the lesion was performed, with histopathological examination demonstrating findings compatible with porphyria, although the patient did not present high porphyrin levels. The diagnosis of furosemide-induced pseudoporphyria was then established, with medication suspension, and there was a significant improvement of the lesions. DISCUSSION: There are few cases of pseudoporphyria described, but it is believed that this condition is underdiagnosed, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease. Both clinical and histopathological findings closely resemble porphyria, differentiating it from normal levels of porphyrin in plasma, urine, or feces. CONCLUSIONS: Although the lesions are mostly benign, they may increase the morbidity and mortality of these patients, so a proper diagnosis and early treatment are extremely important.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a population in southern Brazil (Pro-Renal Study).

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10-12% of the adult population in many countries. In Brazil, there is no reliable information about the actual prevalence of CKD. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of CKD by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria/albuminuria in an urban population randomly selected in Southern Brazil. Patients and. METHODS: 5,216 individuals were randomly selected out of a pool of 10,000 individuals identified from the database of a local energy company. The screening consisted of collection of demographic data, history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, kidney/cardiovascular disease in the family and obesity through the body mass index - BMI (CKD risk factors). Blood samples were collected for determination of serum creatinine and subsequent eGFR estimation by the MDRD formula and urine samples for determination of albuminuria by dipstick. Albuminuria was further evaluated by HemoCue© in a selected CKD risk group. RESULTS: The population was predominantly Caucasians (93%), 64% were females and the mean age of participants was 45 years old (18-87). BMI (kg/m2) was 27±5. Albuminuria was found in 5.25% of individuals. 88.6% of this population had no CKD (eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73m2 & normoalbuminuria) and 11.4% were identified as having CKD, with majority on stages 3A (7.2%) and 3B (1.1%). Hypertension, diabetes, older age and obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of CKD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CKD in an urban population in southern Brazil mirrors other developed countries and indicates that kidney disease is an important public health problem in Brazil.

Frequency and clinical histological analysis of glomerular diseases in a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The glomerulopathies are the most common biopsy-proven kidney diseases. The epidemiological investigation of glomerulopathies allows the identification of their distribution and main causes and enables the development of prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the frequency and clinical-pathological correlation of glomerular diseases diagnosed at the HC-UFPR over the period of 5 years. METHODS: 131 biopsies were performed between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012 and were analysed by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Histopathological slides were reviewed by a pathologist. Clinical and laboratory data and the immunofluorescence microscopy results were extracted from medical records. The findings were tabulated and analysed. RESULTS: 128 of 131 cases were reanalysed. 46.5% were obtained from men. Patients' age averaged 43 years for men and 38 for women. In 99 cases, the indication of biopsy was identified; 49.5% cases presented nephrotic syndrome, 17.17%, acute renal failure and 15.15%, chronic renal failure; 8.08%, nephritic syndrome; 6.06%, isolated proteinuria and 4.04% isolated hematuria. In 61.21% an underlying disease related to the glomerulopathy could be identified; 33.62% corresponded to primary disease and in 5.17% of cases the nature of the glomerulopathy could not be determined. Among secondary glomerulopathies, the most frequent was Lupus Nephritis (49.29%), and among the primary, Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (30.77%) and Membranous Nephropathy (25.64%). CONCLUSION: The average patient with glomerulopathy in this service is an adult with nephrotic syndrome. Unlike other reports, secondary glomerulopathies were predominant. These findings may reflect the tertiary characteristic of the assistance at HC-UFPR.

Persistent disorders of mineral metabolism after one year of kidney transplantation.

INTRODUCTION:: The persistence of mineral metabolism disorders after renal transplant (RT) appears to possess a negative impact over graft and patient's survival. OBJECTIVES:: To evaluate the parameters of mineral metabolism and the persistence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in transplanted patients for a 12-month period after the procedure. METHODS:: Retrospective analysis of 41 transplants (18 women- 44%, mean age of 39 ± 15 years) performed in a University Hospital, evaluating changes of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the prevalence of persistent HPT. The patients were divided into two groups accordingly to PTH levels prior to Tx: Group 1 with PTH ≤ 300 pg/mL (n = 21) and Group 2 with PTH > 300 pg/mL (n = 20). The persistency of HPT after transplant was defined as PTH ≥ 100 pg/mL. The evolution of biochemical parameters and the persistency of HPT were analyzed in each group after 1 year of transplant. RESULTS:: After a one-year of follow up, 5% of the patients presented hypophosphatemia (p < 2.7 mg/dL), 24% hypercalcemia (Ca > 10.2 mg/dL) and 48% persistency of HPT (PTH ≥ 100 pg/mL). There was a positive correlation between the PTH pre and post Tx (r = 0.42/p = 0.006) and a negative correlation between PTH and Ca pre-Tx (r = -0.45/p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference among groups 1 and 2 regarding PTH levels pre and post Tx. CONCLUSION:: The findings in this article suggest that mineral metabolism alterations and the persistency of HPT may occur after one year of renal Tx, mainly in patients which present high PTH levels prior toTx. INTRODUÇÃO:: A persistência de distúrbios do metabolismo mineral ósseo após o transplante renal (Tx) parece possuir um impacto negativo sobre a sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente. OBJETIVOS:: avaliar os parâmetros do metabolismo mineral e a persistência de hiperparatiroidismo (pHPT) 12 meses após o Tx. MÉTODOS:: Análise retrospectiva de 41 transplantes (18 mulheres- 44%, idade de 39 ± 15 anos) realizados em um Hospital Universitário, avaliando cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), hormônio da paratireóide (PTH) e a prevalência de pHPT. Pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os níveis de PTH pré Tx: Grupo 1: PTH ≤ 300 pg/ml (n = 21) e Grupo 2: PTH > 300 pg/ml (n = 20). pHPT foi definida como PTH ≥ 100pg/mL após o Tx. A evolução dos parâmetros bioquímicos e a pHPT foram analisadas após 1 ano de Tx. Resultados: após um ano, 5% dos pacientes apresentaram hipofosfatemia (p < 2,7mg/dL), 24% hipercalcemia (Ca > 10,2 mg/dL) e 48% persistência de HPT (PTH ≥ 100 pg/mL ). Houve correlação positiva entre PTH pré e pós Tx (r = 0,42/p = 0,006) e correlação negativa entre PTH e Ca pré-Tx (r = -0,45/p = 0,002). Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos 1 e 2 em relação aos níveis de PTH pré e pós-Tx. CONCLUSÃO:: Os resultados sugerem que alterações do metabolismo mineral e a pHPT podem ocorrer após um ano do Tx, principalmente em pacientes com níveis elevados de PTH pré-Tx.

Point-of-care ultrasonography in nephrology: a cross-sectional national survey among Brazilian nephrologists / Ultrassonografia point-of-care em nefrologia: uma pesquisa nacional transversal entre nefrologistas brasileiros

Abstract Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasonography (US) (POCUS) has been used in several specialties, particularly in medical emergency. Despite the confirmation of its numerous benefits, the use of POCUS is still timid in nephrology. In the present study, we aim to investigate the use of POCUS by Brazilian nephrologists. Methods: A survey carried out among the members of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, through institutional e-mail, using the SurveyMonkey platform. We included 12 self-administered questions, which answers were given anonymously. Results: It was evident that the majority (64%) of the participants did not have the opportunity to practice US during their nephrological training in their residency, specialization, or even in internships; those with experience with US use the method mainly for implanting central vascular accesses (68%), performing a renal biopsy (58%) and evaluating renal morphology (50%); and the main barriers for nephrologists who do not yet use US are the high price of US machines (26%) and the lack of time to learn about US (23%). Also, POCUS use for examinations of other organs, such as the lung (31%) and heart (18%), which are fundamental in the cardiovascular and volume assessment of patients with kidney diseases, is even more limited. However, 95% of the participants expressed an interest in learning POCUS for use in their medical practice. Conclusion: Most of the Brazilian nephrologists interviewed were not trained in US; however, almost all of the research participants expressed an interest in learning to use POCUS in nephrological practice.

Resumo Introdução: A ultrassonografia (US) pointof-care (POCUS) tem sido utilizada emvárias especialidades, particularmente na urgência médica. Apesar da constatação de seus numerosos benefícios, a utilização da POCUS ainda é tímida na nefrologia. No presente estudo, objetivamos fazer um levantamento sobre a utilização da POCUS pelos nefrologistas brasileiros. Métodos: Levantamento realizado entre os sócios da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, por meio do e-mail institucional, utilizando a plataforma SurveyMonkey. Foram incluídas 12 perguntas autoadministradas, cujas respostas se deram de forma anônima. Resultados: Ficou evidente que a maioria (64%) dos participantes não teve oportunidade de praticar a US durante sua formação nefrológica na residência, especialização ou mesmo em estágios; que aqueles com experiência com a US usam o método, principalmente, para implantação de acesso vascular central (68%), realização de biópsia renal (58%) e avaliação da morfologia renal (50%); e que as principais barreiras para os nefrologistas que ainda não utilizam a US são o preço elevado das máquinas de US (26%) e a falta de tempo para aprender sobre US (23%). Além disso, o uso da POCUS para exames de outros órgãos, como pulmão (31%) e coração (18%), fundamentais na avaliação cardiovascular e volêmica dos pacientes com doenças renais, ainda é mais limitado. Porém, 95% dos participantes expressaram interesse em aprender a POCUS para aplicação na sua prática médica. Conclusão: A maioria dos nefrologistas brasileiros entrevistados não foi treinada em US, contudo, a quase totalidade dos participantes da pesquisa manifestou interesse em aprender a utilizar a POCUS na prática nefrológica.

Consensus on the standard terminology used in the nutrition care of adult patients with chronic kidney disease / Consenso sobre a terminologia padronizada do processo de cuidado em nutrição para pacientes adultos com doença renal crônica

Abstract This nutrition consensus document is the first to coordinate the efforts of three professional organizations - the Brazilian Association of Nutrition (Asbran), the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN), and the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (Braspen/SBNPE) - to select terminology and international standardized tools used in nutrition care. Its purpose is to improve the training delivered to nutritionists working with adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Eleven questions were developed concerning patient screening, care, and nutrition outcome management. The recommendations set out in this document were developed based on international guidelines and papers published in electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE(tm), CINHAL, Web of Science, and Cochrane. From a list of internationally standardized terms, twenty nutritionists selected the ones they deemed relevant in clinical practice involving outpatients with CKD. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated with 80% agreement in the answers. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess the strength of evidence and recommendations. A total of 107 terms related to Nutrition Assessment and Reassessment, 28 to Diagnosis, nine to Intervention, and 94 to Monitoring and Evaluation were selected. The list of selected terms and identified tools will be used in the development of training programs and the implementation of standardized nutrition terminology for nutritionists working with patients with chronic kidney disease in Brazil.

Resumo Este consenso representa a primeira colaboração entre três organizações profissionais com foco em nutrição: Associação Brasileira de Nutrição (Asbran), Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN) e Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral (Braspen/SBNPE), com o objetivo de identificar a terminologia e instrumentos padronizados internacionalmente para o processo de cuidado em nutrição. O foco é facilitar a condução de treinamentos de nutricionistas que trabalham com pacientes adultos com doenças renais crônicas (DRC). Foram levantadas onze questões relacionadas à triagem, ao processo de cuidado e à gestão de resultados em nutrição. As recomendações foram baseadas em diretrizes internacionais e em bancos de dados eletrônicos, como PubMed, EMBASE(tm), CINHAL, Web of Science e Cochrane. A partir do envio de listas de termos padronizados internacionalmente, vinte nutricionistas especialistas selecionaram aqueles que consideraram muito claros e relevantes para a prática clínica com pacientes ambulatoriais com DRC. Foi calculado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC), com 80% de concordância nas respostas. O Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) foi usado para atribuir força de evidência às recomendações. Foram selecionados 107 termos de Avaliação e Reavaliação, 28 de Diagnóstico, 9 de Intervenção e 94 de Monitoramento e Aferição em Nutrição. A lista de termos selecionados e identificação de instrumentos auxiliará no planejamento de treinamentos e na implementação de terminologia padronizada em nutrição no Brasil, para nutricionistas que trabalham com pacientes renais crônicos.

Covid-19 (sars-cov-2 infection) information for patients with predialytic chronic kidney disease / Informações para pacientes com doença renal crônica pré-dialítica sobre Covid-19 (infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2)

ABSTRACT Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease are among those individuals at increased risk for developing more serious forms of Covid-19. This increased risk starts in the pre-dialysis phase of the disease. Providing useful information for these patients, in language that facilitates the understanding of the disease, can help nephrologists and other healthcare professionals to establish a more effective communication with these patients and help minimize contagion and the risks of serious illness in this population.

RESUMO Pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica estão entre os indivíduos de risco aumentado para desenvolvimento de formas mais sérias de Covid-19. Esse risco aumentado inicia-se já na fase pré-dialítica da doença. Fornecer informações úteis para esses pacientes, em linguagem que facilite o entendimento da doença, pode ajudar nefrologistas e outros profissionais de saúde a estabelecerem uma comunicação mais efetiva com esses pacientes e ajudar a minimizar o contágio e os riscos de doença grave nessa população.

Position statement from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine drug dose adjustment according to renal function / Nota da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia em relação ao ajuste das drogas cloroquina e hidroxicloroquina pela função renal

ABSTRACT Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have shown promising preliminary results and have been discussed as therapeutic options for patients with Covid-19. Despite the lack of robust evidence demonstrating the benefits and justifying the use of one of these drugs, the final decision is the responsibility of the attending physician and should be individualized and shared, whenever possible. This position statement recommends dosage adjustment for these drugs in the context of renal impairment.

RESUMO Em razão de resultados preliminares promissores, a hidroxicloroquina e a cloroquina têm sido discutidas como opção terapêutica para pacientes com Covid-19. Apesar da ausência de estudos robustos que evidenciem o benefício e justifiquem o uso de uma dessas drogas, a decisão final compete ao médico assistente, devendo ser individualizada e, sempre que possível, compartilhada. A presente nota pretende orientar o ajuste posológico dessas drogas no contexto da disfunção renal.