[Lung pathology in children with a long-term novel coronavirus infection COVID-19]. / Patologiya legkikh u detei pri dlitel'no tekushchei novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii COVID-19.

New coronavirus infection is registered less frequently in children than in adults. Among all patients with COVID-19, the share of children is 8.6%. Clinical practice shows that in children, COVID-19 can be severe and even fatal. Articles have been published reflecting the clinical manifestations of Long Covid in children, while data on pathomorphological examination of the lungs during long-term COVID-19 in children are not available in the literature. On the basis of the Department of Pathological Anatomy with a course of Forensic Medicine and the Pathological-Anatomical Department of the Clinic of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, an analysis of medical documentation was carried out, autopsy materials were selected from 3 observations of the death of children from COVID-19. The selection criterion was the duration of the disease. A histological examination using standard methods and IHC analysis using antibodies to the nucleocapsid of SARS-Cov-2, CD95, CD31 were carried out on the lung tissue of 3 children aged 2 months to 2 years who died from a new coronavirus infection. Microscopically, all three patients showed microvessels damage, their thrombosis, angiogenesis, as well as signs of diffuse alveolar damage The combination of expression of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and the apoptosis marker on the vascular endothelium of the MCR is of interest. CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate infection with coronavirus and death of endothelial cells due to apoptosis. Endothelial damage in the microvessels of the lungs is the initiating factor in the development of capillary-alveolar block, tissue hypoxia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, leading in some cases to respiratory/multiple organ failure and death.

[Kisspeptins: role in the aging of the reproductive system and the development of comorbid pathology.]

The literature review is devoted to the role of kisspeptins in aging. There are data about the involvement of kisspeptins in the development of menopause and ovarian aging, as well as metabolic syndrome. In addition, the role of kisspeptins in the development of age-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease is described. Involvement of kisspeptins and kisspeptin receptors in the development of malignant neoplasms are postulated. Evidence of the antimetastatic properties of the kisspeptin protein, as well as the possibility of using it as a tumor marker, is presented.

[100th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Vsevolodovich Zinserling]. / 100 let so dnya rozhdeniya Aleksandra Vsevolodovicha Tsinzerlinga.

In December 2022, the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University solemnly celebrated its 90th anniversary. At the meeting of the city scientific society of pathologists, dedicated to this event, the staff of the department, fellow professors, members of the society, as well as clinicians and invited guests, recalled the brilliant scientists-pathologists who led the specified department in different years. One of these scientists, who headed the department in 1965-1992, was a well-known scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, prof. A.V. Zinzerling (1923-1995).

[To the 90th anniversary of the department of pathological anatomy with a course of forensic medicine named after professor D.D.Lokhov of Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University]. / K 90-letiyu kafedry patologicheskoi anatomii s kursom sudebnoi meditsiny im. professora D.D. Lokhova Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pediatricheskogo meditsinskogo universiteta.

The article is devoted to the history of Professor D.D. Lokhov Department of Pathological Anatomy with a course of forensic medicine of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, founded by one of founders of the national pathological anatomy of childhood and adolescence, Professor D.D. Lokhov, whose name has been awarded to the Department since 2022. The updated advances of the Department in research, teaching and diagnostic activity are presented.

Peculiarities of Cyto- and Chemoarchitectonics of Human Entorhinal Cortex during the Fetal Period.

We studied peculiarities of the structure of human entorhinal cortex at weeks 20-26 of gestation (10 hemispheres). The samples were Nissl-stained and immunohistochemically treated with antibodies to parvalbumin, calretinin, calbindin, and cytoskeleton proteins (MAP2 and N200). 3D-reconstruction of the entorhinal cortex from serial sections was performed, caudomedial and rostrolateral areas were isolated. Parvalbumin+ cells in layer I, discrete distribution of layer II cells with colocalization of MAP2 and calretinin at the border with layer I, and two sublayers Va and Vb with MAP2+ neurons were typical for the caudomedial area. Rostrolateral area was characterized by the homogenous layer II with big amount of cells, high density of MAP2+ neurons only in layer III, and the unique layer V. Reelin+ Cajal-Retzius cells and N200+ fiber plexus in layer I were observed in the caudomedial and rostrolateral areas of the entorhial cortex. Layer IV was represented by a cell-free desiccant.

[Role of intercellular slit-like contacts (connexins) in the pathogenesis of erythroderma]. / Rol' mezhkletochnykh shchelevidnykh kontaktov (konneksinov) v patogeneze éritrodermii.

Erythroderma is a skin lesion characterized by redness, swelling, infiltration, and desquamation of greater than 90% of the skin. The etiology of erythroderma is not completely clear and the lesion can be manifestations of various chronic dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, and toxicodermia, and be represented by erythrodermic mycosis fungoides. The pathogenesis of erythroderma especially at the genetic level remains little studied. Thus, one disease (erythroderma) can be a manifestation of different dermatoses and have similar clinical and histological signs. This paper gives a review of modern literature on the study of erythroderma in terms of morphology and genetic aspects.

[The morphological examination in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis].

The paper considers the results of histological and bacterioscopic examinations of biopsy specimens from the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes of 120 patients with an unclear diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis and with problem of their differential diagnosis. One hundred and five of these patients were microscopically diagnosed as having either tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. Additional examination of differently stained sections and that using immunohistochemical M. tuberculosis detection were conducted in 15 cases, which could diagnose tuberculosis and sarcoidosis in 7 and 8 patients, respectively. Bacterioscopic examination, in terms of extreme variability the phenotypic properties of mycobacteria, is of decisive importance in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.

A rare case of diagnosed absent aortic valve and severely hypoplastic pulmonary valve with double outlet right ventricle: A case report.

Agenesis of the aortic and pulmonary valves is a very rare congenital malformation of the semilunar valves. The literature describes no more than thirty cases of such anomaly in combination with congenital heart disease. Most descriptions include aplasia of either the aortic or pulmonic valve. The combination of such defect in both valves has been described in a much smaller number of scientific papers. In this article, we present a clinical case of the treatment of a patient with agenesis of aortic valve and severely hypoplastic pulmonary valve. As a result circulatory arrest occurred immediately after birth, which required the implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The child was resuscitated and transferred to the intensive care unit for further examination and treatment.

[Tuberculosis of the pharyngeal tonsil in a child].

Tuberculosis of the adenoids is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which is unassociated with pulmonary tuberculosis. In adults, this form occurs much more frequently than in children. The authors observed tuberculosis of the adenoids in a 14-year-old adolescent operated on in a planned way for second-third-degree adenoids. Intraoperative specimens exhibited epithelioid-cell tubercles with Langhans cells. Ziehl-Nielsn staining showed granular forms of acid-resistant mycobacteria. The latter were identified by an immunohistochemical assay. The specific feature of this case is the absence of tuberculous involvement of cervical lymph nodes, which is characteristic of the similar pathology in adults.

[Morphological study of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in children].

The paper presents the results of a morphological study of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in children with different ANCA titers in the blood. Cellular and fibrotic crescents and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were noted when the blood ANCA values were low. On the contrary, destructive changes were prevalent in the glomerular loop and tubular walls when the blood ANCA values were high.

[Immunomorphological investigation of hypertrophied tonsils in children].

The immunohistochemical investigation of hypertrophied tonsils in children of different ages (group 1--up to 7 years old, group 2--7-11 years old, group 3--12 years and older) are presented. The expression and localization of viral antigen, sIgA and IgE, CD3+ and CD20+ cells in the tonsils tissue has studied. We've founded out a decreasing of viral antigens expression in the older age groups. The highest intensity of sIgA expression has been determined in the second group. The count of CD3+ cells in the germinal centers of follicles has increased in 2 and 3 groups.

[Heterogeneity of chronic esophagitis in childhood].

Chronic esophagitis in children etiologically are heterogeneous. Was observed 83 patients aged from 3 to 17 years with histologically defined chronic esophagitis, 58 of them suffered from food and respiratory allergies. All children underwented endoscopy, morphological and immunohistochemical study of the esophagus biopsies with the definition IgE, IgA herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) in the mucous membrane. The presence of chronic infection was established in 77 out of 83 (92.8%) children. All the patients underwented daily pH meters. GERD was diagnosed in 33 children. GERD was characterized by typical symptoms, combined with gastroduodenal pathology, usually Hp-associated, and increased gastric secretion. Morphologically at 15% of the patients with gastric metaplasia was found moderate inflammation. During examination of patients with allergic esophagitis was neither clinical nor explicit endoscopic manifestations, eosinophilic infiltration was observed in some patients, but inflammatory activity was lower than at GERD and infections. Esophagitis in chronic viral infections was characterized by a higher frequency of erosive changes, higher activity of inflammation. The combination of the three etiological factors were associated with more severe lesions of the esophagus.

[On feasibilities of training specialists in childhood pathological anatomy].

Introduction of lifetime morphological diagnosis into practical medicine makes increased requirements for training pediatric pathologists. A combination of traditional and new teaching methods makes the teaching process more visual and effective for students, interns, residents and gives a lot of opportunities in tutoring during advances courses in pediatric pathology.

[The pathogenesis of intrauterine infections].

The placenta is a specific organ of extracorporeal immunity. It has a tissue-blood barrier that protects a developing fetus against infectious agents. Owing to this, placental infection is not fatal to a fetus and always falls far short of intrauterine infection. Fetal inflammatory diseases occur in immune defects and placental morphological barrier damages.

[Pathomorphology of cerebral cryptococcosis in immunodeficiencies of various etiology].

A wide spectrum of pathomorphological changes in the brain was revealed. They reflect various periods of cryptococcal infection under various conditions of immunodeficiency. In cases of brain cryptococcosis in HIV-infection, a significant spread of necrotic changes was noted. The dependence of structural changes severity in the brain on the size of fungal burden is found. It is shown that the disturbance of structural integrity of microvessel wall, its destruction under the influence of cryptococci is a major factor causing penetration of this infection directly into the substance of the brain.

[Possibilities of complex etiological diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitides B and C]. / O vozmozhnostiakh kompleksnoi étiologicheskoi diagnostiki khronicheskogo virusnogo gepatita B i C.

Etiological markers for HBV and HBC were studied in 26 cases of chronic hepatitis. In 21 cases coincidence of serological and immunohistochemical results was found, in 9 cases markers of other viruses were registered. Immunohistochemical markers were identified in 3 of 5 liver biopsies in patients with negative serological tests. Histological signs of HBV and HBC corresponded to those of serological and immunohistochemical ones in 17 cases.

[Changes in the neurons of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia in hypokinesia (a neuromorphological and histochemical study)]. / Izmeneniia neironov spinnogo mozga i spinnomozgovykh uzlov pri gipokinezii (neiromorfologicheskoe i gistokhimicheskoe issledovanie).

On 62 white male rats at hypokinesia lasting for 7-60 days, motoneurons and neural cells of the lumbar sensitive ganglia have been studied at the level of L2--L4. Certain changes in the spinal ganglia have been neurohistologically revealed beginning from the 30th day of the experiment. In most of the neurons, mainly in large ones, phenomena of central chromatolysis are observed. In one-third of the cells, nuclear hyperchromatosis of various intensity is noted. As the experiment proceeds, the changes acquire a well developed character. In the spinal motoneurons, on the 30th-45th day of the experiment, peripheral chromatolysis, moderate nuclear hyperchromatosis nuclear hypertrophy are detected. Satellite neuroglia is increased according to the "Umklammerying" phenomenon. Cytophotometric investigation of SDG, NAD-D and AF demonstrates certain discoordination in their activity. On the 7th day, SDG and NAD-D activity in the spinal ganglia increases. Beginning from the 30th day, SDG and NAD-D activity in the objects studied decreases, while that of LDG and AF increases. Hypoxia is suggested to be the cause of the disorders observed. A supposition is made that the high AF activity could result in the disturbed activity of the enzymes localizing in mitochondria.

[The astrocyte reaction to an experimental herpes infection]. / Reaktsiia astrotsitov na gerpeticheskuiu infektsiiu v ékperimente.

The experimental research carried out on rabbits was aimed at determination of astrocytes reaction during brain inflammation caused by Herpes simplex virus. The study was made with the help of glia marker. Immunocytochemical findings showed that the earliest structural brain responses to the infection were changes in astrocyte glia. This was evident from the swelling and hypertrophy of vessel crus and from increased number of astrocytes around the vessels. Glia complexes (astrocyte agglomeration) were formed in the affected sites. During the exudative reaction the hyperplastic alterations of astrocytes were not observed. Later the injured spots of brain tissue were replaced by proliferating astrocytes. The conducted investigation has shown the astrocyte glia to be different during different stages of the infectious process. One may suppose that different subtypes of astrocytes response has place during each stage which should be further confirmed. One may also suppose that a similar alterations of astrocytes coincide with interferon and interleukin secretion by these cells. This is suggested to be a structural base of immune response of the brain.

[The astrocyte glia of the brain in herpetic encephalitis in children]. / Astrotsitarnaia gliia golovnogo mozga pri gerpeticheskom éntsefalite u detei.

Astrocytic changes were followed up in the brain of infants who had died of herpetic encephalitis. Neuro-morphological examinations revealed astrocytic structural changes directed to reinforcement of the blood-brain barrier, localization of the infection and, possibly, to inactivation of the virus.

[Effects of nitroxyl radicals on pathogenic properties of herpesvirus (the spin-label technique in the study of virus-macrophage interactions)]. / Vliianie nitroksil'nykh radikalov na patogennye svoistva virusa Gerpesa (metod spinovogo zondirovaniia v issledovanii vzaimodeistviia virus-makrofag).

The effect of various concentrations of both methyl ether of 5-doxyl-stearic acid (M5DS) and 4-maleimido-TEMPO (4MT) on the pathogenicity of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) was studied. It is known that the reagents modify the lipid matrix and the proteins of virion envelope. The decrease of the HSV-1 pathogenicity was shown when using the concentration of reagents more 5 x 10(-5) M. HSV-1 having high pathogenicity and cytotoxicity was obtained when the concentrations of the reagents were less 5 x 10(-5) M.