[The temporomandibular joint in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: what radiologists need to look for on magnetic resonance imaging]. / La articulación temporomandibular en la artritis idiopática juvenil: lo que el radiólogo debe buscar en la resonancia magnética.

The term "juvenile idiopathic arthritis" (JIA) encompasses a group of arthritis of unknown cause with onset before the age of 16 years that last for at least 6 weeks. The prevalence of temporomandibular joint involvement in published series ranges from 17% to 87%. Temporomandibular joint involvement is difficult to detect clinically, so imaging plays a key role in diagnosis and monitoring treatment. MRI is the technique of choice for the study of arthritis of the temporomandibular joint because it is the most sensitive technique for detecting acute synovitis and bone edema. Power Doppler ultrasonography can also detect active synovitis by showing the hypervascularization of the inflamed synovial membrane, but it cannot identify bone edema. This article describes the MRI technique for evaluating the temporomandibular joint in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, defines the parameters to look for, and illustrates the main findings.

Repair of erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept: magnetic resonance imaging findings after 1 year of follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To monitor repair of bone erosions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during etanercept combination therapy. METHOD: The study population comprised 29 RA patients [biologic-naïve, 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) ≥ 3.2] starting etanercept combination therapy with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and completing the 1-year study period with the same treatment. Clinical and laboratory assessments and MRI of the hand were performed at baseline and at 1 year. MRI findings were scored by two readers using the Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Scoring System (RAMRIS). Both readers were blind to the chronological order of the MRI scans, the identity of the patients, and clinical and other imaging data. Tenosynovitis was also scored. The intra- and inter-reader intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated, along with the sensitivity to change with the smallest detectable difference (SDD). Repair of erosions was defined as a RAMRIS score of at least 1 point lower than baseline. RESULTS: The mean RAMRIS score for erosions did not change but all other inflammatory MRI parameters decreased significantly. In 19 patients, the RAMRIS score for erosions remained unchanged after 1 year. In five patients the score decreased after 1 year, although the decrease exceeded the SDD in only one patient (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Etanercept combined with DMARDs stopped the progression of erosions, as measured by the RAMRIS, in 82.8% of our RA patients and occasional repair of bone erosions occurred after 1 year of treatment.

[Magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: peculiarities of imaging children]. / Artritis idiopática juvenil, peculiaridades de la imagen en la edad pediátrica con especial interés en la resonancia magnética.

The term juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of arthritides with no known cause that begin before the age of 16 years and persist for at least 6 weeks. In recent decades, imaging techniques have acquired a fundamental role in the diagnosis and follow-up of JIA, owing to the unification of the different criteria for classification, which has strengthened the research in this field, and to the development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. In this article, we briefly explain what JIA is. Moreover, we describe the role and limitations of plain-film radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Finally, we review the MRI protocol and findings, and we comment on the differential diagnosis.

[Delayed diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia in a patient on mechanical ventilation]. / Hernia diafragmática diferida en paciente sometido a ventilación mecánica.

Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm is uncommon. Its early diagnosis is a challenge in diagnostic imaging. We present the case of a male multiple trauma patient in whom a left diaphragmatic hernia was discovered on weaning from mechanical ventilation 23 days after admission. We discuss the key imaging features of diaphragmatic rupture based on its physiopathology and thoracoabdominal pressure gradients. Very few cases of radiologically documented diaphragmatic hernias masked by mechanical ventilation have been reported.

[Congenital heart disease in adults: the contribution of multidetector CT]. / Cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto. Aportaciones de la tomografía computarizada multidetector.

Congenital heart disease is relatively common among adults. Patients' conditions have generally been diagnosed previously and imaging tests are requested for follow-up or for complications of the anomaly or of its surgical correction. Classically, these patients were studied with echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, but multidetector CT and magnetic resonance imaging have changed the approach because these techniques show the anatomy of heart defects and their correction very clearly. We emphasize the importance of multidetector CT as a complementary technique for the study of congenital heart disease that is newly discovered in adults or for the follow-up of congenital heart disease that was surgically corrected during childhood. When vascular anomalies are present outside the heart or after palliative surgery, multidetector CT shows anatomical details that are difficult or impossible to see with echocardiography. We also emphasize the frequent association between pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease that can debut in adults.

La articulación temporomandibular en la artritis idiopática juvenil: lo que el radiólogo debe buscar en la resonancia magnética / The temporomandibular joint in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: what radiologists need to look for on magnetic resonance imaging

El término «artritis idiopática juvenil» (AIJ) engloba un grupo de artritis de causa desconocida, que se inician antes de los 16 años y duran al menos 6 semanas. La prevalencia de afectación de la articulación temporomandibular en la AIJ varía entre un 17-87% en las series publicadas. Detectarla clínicamente es difícil por lo que la imagen tiene un papel clave para diagnosticarla y monitorizar el tratamiento. La RM es la técnica de referencia para estudiar la artritis temporomandibular porque es la más sensible para detectar la sinovitis aguda y el edema óseo. La ecografía power Doppler también permite detectar la sinovitis activa mostrando la hipervascularización de la sinovial inflamada, pero no puede identificar el edema óseo. Los objetivos del artículo son describir la técnica de RM para evaluar la articulación temporomandibular en pacientes con AIJ, definir que parámetros buscar e ilustrar los principales hallazgos (AU)

The term «juvenile idiopathic arthritis» (JIA) encompasses a group of arthritis of unknown cause with onset before the age of 16 years that last for at least 6 weeks. The prevalence of temporomandibular joint involvement in published series ranges from 17% to 87%. Temporomandibular joint involvement is difficult to detect clinically, so imaging plays a key role in diagnosis and monitoring treatment. MRI is the technique of choice for the study of arthritis of the temporomandibular joint because it is the most sensitive technique for detecting acute synovitis and bone edema. Power Doppler ultrasonography can also detect active synovitis by showing the hypervascularization of the inflamed synovial membrane, but it cannot identify bone edema. This article describes the MRI technique for evaluating the temporomandibular joint in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, defines the parameters to look for, and illustrates the main findings (AU)

Artritis idiopática juvenil, peculiaridades de la imagen en la edad pediátrica con especial interés en la resonancia magnética / Magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Peculiarities of imaging children

El término artritis idiopática juvenil (AIJ) engloba a un grupo heterogéneo de artritis de origen desconocido, que persisten durante al menos 6 semanas y se inicia antes de los 16 años. En las últimas décadas las técnicas de imagen han adquirido un papel fundamental en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de esta entidad, debido a la unificación de los criterios de clasificación existentes, que han potenciado la investigación en este campo, y por el desarrollo de fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad. En este artículo se explicará brevemente en qué consiste la AIJ, se describirán el papel y las limitaciones de la radiografía, de la ecografía y de la resonancia magnética (RM), se revisará el protocolo y los hallazgos de imagen por RM, y se comentará el diagnóstico diferencial(AU)

The term juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of arthritides with no known cause that begin before the age of 16 years and persist for at least 6 weeks. In recent decades, imaging techniques have acquired a fundamental role in the diagnosis and follow-up of JIA, owing to the unification of the different criteria for classification, which has strengthened the research in this field, and to the development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. In this article, we briefly explain what JIA is. Moreover, we describe the role and limitations of plain-film radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Finally, we review the MRI protocol and findings, and we comment on the differential diagnosis(AU)

Hernia diafragmática diferida en paciente sometido a ventilación mecánica / Delayed diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia in a patient on mechanical ventilation

La rotura traumática del diafragma es una entidad poco frecuente cuyo diagnóstico precoz constituye un desafío radiológico. Presentamos el caso de un varón politraumatizado que tras 23 días de ingreso mostró una hernia diafragmática izquierda coincidiendo con la interrupción del soporte ventilatorio. Planteamos las claves radiológicas diagnósticas de las roturas diafragmáticas haciendo hincapié en su fisiopatología y relación con los gradientes de presión toraco-abdominales. A pesar de ser un caso aislado, la importancia de la comunicación radica en que en la literatura apenas hay casos descritos de hernias diafragmáticas enmascaradas por la ventilación mecánica con documentación de la evolución radiológica (AU)

Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm is uncommon. Its early diagnosis is a challenge in diagnostic imaging. We present the case of a male multiple trauma patient in whom a left diaphragmatic hernia was discovered on weaning from mechanical ventilation 23 days after admission. We discuss the key imaging features of diaphragmatic rupture based on its physiopathology and thoracoabdominal pressure gradients. Very few cases of radiologically documented diaphragmatic hernias masked by mechanical ventilation have been reported (AU)

Cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto. Aportaciones de la tomografía computarizada multidetector / Congenital heart disease in adults: the contribution of multidetector CT

Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) constituyen actualmente una enfermedad no infrecuente en el adulto. Generalmente el paciente está diagnosticado previamente y el estudio se solicita como seguimiento o por complicaciones de la anomalía o de su corrección quirúrgica. Clásicamente, estos pacientes se estudiaban con ecocardiografía y cateterismo cardíaco, pero el abordaje ha cambiado con la tomografía computarizada multidetector (TCMD) y la resonancia magnética, ya que permiten una excelente demostración anatómica de las anomalías cardíacas y de su corrección quirúrgica. Pretendemos resaltar la importancia de la TCMD como método complementario en el estudio de las CC descubiertas en el adulto o en las corregidas quirúrgicamente en la infancia y seguidas posteriormente. Cuando existen anomalías vasculares extracardíacas o tras la realización de cirugía paliativa, la TCMD muestra detalles anatómicos difíciles o imposibles de valorar con ecocardiografía. También resaltamos la frecuente asociación de hipertensión pulmonar con CC que pueden debutar en la edad adulta (AU)

Congenital heart disease is relatively common among adults. Patients’ conditions have generally been diagnosed previously and imaging tests are requested for follow-up or for complications of the anomaly or of its surgical correction. Classically, these patients were studied with echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, but multidetector CT and magnetic resonance imaging have changed the approach because these techniques show the anatomy of heart defects and their correction very clearly. We emphasize the importance of multidetector CT as a complementary technique for the study of congenital heart disease that is newly discovered in adults or for the follow-up of congenital heart disease that was surgically corrected during childhood. When vascular anomalies are present outside the heart or after palliative surgery, multidetector CT shows anatomical details that are difficult or impossible to see with echocardiography. We also emphasize the frequent association between pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease that can debut in adults (AU)