P2P watch: personal health information detection in peer-to-peer file-sharing networks.

BACKGROUND: Users of peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing networks risk the inadvertent disclosure of personal health information (PHI). In addition to potentially causing harm to the affected individuals, this can heighten the risk of data breaches for health information custodians. Automated PHI detection tools that crawl the P2P networks can identify PHI and alert custodians. While there has been previous work on the detection of personal information in electronic health records, there has been a dearth of research on the automated detection of PHI in heterogeneous user files. OBJECTIVE: To build a system that accurately detects PHI in files sent through P2P file-sharing networks. The system, which we call P2P Watch, uses a pipeline of text processing techniques to automatically detect PHI in files exchanged through P2P networks. P2P Watch processes unstructured texts regardless of the file format, document type, and content. METHODS: We developed P2P Watch to extract and analyze PHI in text files exchanged on P2P networks. We labeled texts as PHI if they contained identifiable information about a person (eg, name and date of birth) and specifics of the person's health (eg, diagnosis, prescriptions, and medical procedures). We evaluated the system's performance through its efficiency and effectiveness on 3924 files gathered from three P2P networks. RESULTS: P2P Watch successfully processed 3924 P2P files of unknown content. A manual examination of 1578 randomly selected files marked by the system as non-PHI confirmed that these files indeed did not contain PHI, making the false-negative detection rate equal to zero. Of 57 files marked by the system as PHI, all contained both personally identifiable information and health information: 11 files were PHI disclosures, and 46 files contained organizational materials such as unfilled insurance forms, job applications by medical professionals, and essays. CONCLUSIONS: PHI can be successfully detected in free-form textual files exchanged through P2P networks. Once the files with PHI are detected, affected individuals or data custodians can be alerted to take remedial action.

De-identification methods for open health data: the case of the Heritage Health Prize claims dataset.

BACKGROUND: There are many benefits to open datasets. However, privacy concerns have hampered the widespread creation of open health data. There is a dearth of documented methods and case studies for the creation of public-use health data. We describe a new methodology for creating a longitudinal public health dataset in the context of the Heritage Health Prize (HHP). The HHP is a global data mining competition to predict, by using claims data, the number of days patients will be hospitalized in a subsequent year. The winner will be the team or individual with the most accurate model past a threshold accuracy, and will receive a US $3 million cash prize. HHP began on April 4, 2011, and ends on April 3, 2013. OBJECTIVE: To de-identify the claims data used in the HHP competition and ensure that it meets the requirements in the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. METHODS: We defined a threshold risk consistent with the HIPAA Privacy Rule Safe Harbor standard for disclosing the competition dataset. Three plausible re-identification attacks that can be executed on these data were identified. For each attack the re-identification probability was evaluated. If it was deemed too high then a new de-identification algorithm was applied to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. We performed an actual evaluation of re-identification risk using simulated attacks and matching experiments to confirm the results of the de-identification and to test sensitivity to assumptions. The main metric used to evaluate re-identification risk was the probability that a record in the HHP data can be re-identified given an attempted attack. RESULTS: An evaluation of the de-identified dataset estimated that the probability of re-identifying an individual was .0084, below the .05 probability threshold specified for the competition. The risk was robust to violations of our initial assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to ensure that the probability of re-identification for a large longitudinal dataset was acceptably low when it was released for a global user community in support of an analytics competition. This is an example of, and methodology for, achieving open data principles for longitudinal health data.

An evaluation of personal health information remnants in second-hand personal computer disk drives.

BACKGROUND: The public is concerned about the privacy of their health information, especially as more of it is collected, stored, and exchanged electronically. But we do not know the extent of leakage of personal health information (PHI) from data custodians. One form of data leakage is through computer equipment that is sold, donated, lost, or stolen from health care facilities or individuals who work at these facilities. Previous studies have shown that it is possible to get sensitive personal information (PI) from second-hand disk drives. However, there have been no studies investigating the leakage of PHI in this way. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which PHI can be obtained from second-hand computer disk drives. METHODS: A list of Canadian vendors selling second-hand computer equipment was constructed, and we systematically went through the shuffled list and attempted to purchase used disk drives from the vendors. Sixty functional disk drives were purchased and analyzed for data remnants containing PHI using computer forensic tools. RESULTS: It was possible to recover PI from 65% (95% CI: 52%-76%) of the drives. In total, 10% (95% CI: 5%-20%) had PHI on people other than the owner(s) of the drive, and 8% (95% CI: 7%-24%) had PHI on the owner(s) of the drive. Some of the PHI included very sensitive mental health information on a large number of people. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong need for health care data custodians to either encrypt all computers that can hold PHI on their clients or patients, including those used by employees and subcontractors in their homes, or to ensure that their computers are destroyed rather than finding a second life in the used computer market.

Possibilidades do ensino do voleibol no contexto da educação profissional / Possibilities of volleyball teaching in the context of professional education / Posibilidades de la enseñanza de voleibol en el contexto de la educación profesional

Este artículo informa sobre la experiencia de la enseñanza del voleibol desarrollada en el contexto de la educación vocacional. El experimento se realizó en cursos de Agronegocios, Edificios y Química, en el Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Goiás, Campus Aparecida de Goiânia. La acción pedagógica se desarrolló en tres momentos, la planificación, la intervención y la evaluación. El contenido fue organizado con el objetivo de enfatizar los aspectos técnicos y tácticos, históricos del voleibol y la relación entre el voleibol y la sociedad. En esta experiencia, el voleibol se presentó como una manifestación social que, desde diferentes determinaciones sociales, ha sufrido cambios en su forma de juego.

This paper reports the experience of volleyball teaching developed in the context of Vocational Education. The experiment was carried in courses in Agribusiness, Buildings and Chemistry, at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia Campus. The pedagogical action was developed in three moments, the planning, the intervention and the evaluation. The content was organized with the aim of emphasizing the technical and tactical, historical aspects of volleyball and the relationship between volleyball and society. In this experience, volleyball was presented as a social manifestation that, from different social determinations, has undergone changes in its form of play.

Este artículo informa sobre la experiencia de la enseñanza del voleibol desarrollada en el contexto de la educación vocacional. El experimento se realizó en cursos de Agronegocios, Edificios y Química, en el Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Goiás, Campus Aparecida de Goiânia. La acción pedagógica se desarrolló en tres momentos, la planificación, la intervención y la evaluación. El contenido fue organizado con el objetivo de enfatizar los aspectos técnicos y tácticos, históricos del voleibol y la relación entre el voleibol y la sociedad. En esta experiencia, el voleibol se presentó como una manifestación social que, desde diferentes determinaciones sociales, ha sufrido cambios en su forma de juego.

The inadvertent disclosure of personal health information through peer-to-peer file sharing programs.

OBJECTIVE: There has been a consistent concern about the inadvertent disclosure of personal information through peer-to-peer file sharing applications, such as Limewire and Morpheus. Examples of personal health and financial information being exposed have been published. We wanted to estimate the extent to which personal health information (PHI) is being disclosed in this way, and compare that to the extent of disclosure of personal financial information (PFI). DESIGN: After careful review and approval of our protocol by our institutional research ethics board, files were downloaded from peer-to-peer file sharing networks and manually analyzed for the presence of PHI and PFI. The geographic region of the IP addresses was determined, and classified as either USA or Canada. MEASUREMENT: We estimated the proportion of files that contain personal health and financial information for each region. We also estimated the proportion of search terms that return files with personal health and financial information. We ascertained and discuss the ethical issues related to this study. RESULTS: Approximately 0.4% of Canadian IP addresses had PHI, as did 0.5% of US IP addresses. There was more disclosure of financial information, at 1.7% of Canadian IP addresses and 4.7% of US IP addresses. An analysis of search terms used in these file sharing networks showed that a small percentage of the terms would return PHI and PFI files (ie, there are people successfully searching for PFI and PHI on the peer-to-peer file sharing networks). CONCLUSION: There is a real risk of inadvertent disclosure of PHI through peer-to-peer file sharing networks, although the risk is not as large as for PFI. Anyone keeping PHI on their computers should avoid installing file sharing applications on their computers, or if they have to use such tools, actively manage the risks of inadvertent disclosure of their, their family's, their clients', or patients' PHI.

Reflexões sobre o processo de reorganização curricular da educação física do Estado de Goiás entre 2004 e 2010 / Reflections about the process of curriculum reorientation of the physical education of the Goiás state between 2004 and 2010 / Reflexiones sobre el proceso de reorientación curriculum de la educacion física del Estado de Goiás entre 2004 y 2010

Este estudo tem o objetivo discutir a reforma curricular realizada no Estado de Goiás nos anos 2004 a 2010. Foi identificado o trabalho desenvolvido pela educação física e analisado os fundamentos e os elementos constitutivos de sua proposta curricular. Foi realizada análise documental da Reorientação Curricular do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Estadual de Educação do Estado de Goiás. A proposta curricular parece ter sido conduzida de forma descentralizada, ou seja, a partir do diálogo com os professores das escolas e sua fundamentação está ancorada em uma abordagem crítica de educação e Educação Física. Recomenda-se que outros estudos sejam realizados, procurando analisar de forma empírica, os impactos desta política curricular na realidade escolar concreta do Estado de Goiás.

This study aims at discussing the curriculum reform held in the State of Goiás in the years 2004 to 2010. It was identified the work developed by physical education and analyzed the fundamentals and the constituent elements of the proposed curriculum. It was held adocument analysis of Curriculum Reorientation of Public Elementary School of the Education of the State of Goiás. The curriculum proposal appears to have been conductedin a decentralized manner, in other words, from the dialogue with the school teacher sandits foundation is anchored in acritical approach to education and physical education. It is recommended that other studies are performed, trying to analyze empirically the impact of this curriculum policy in school reality of the State of Goiás.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo discutir la reforma curricular llevada a cabo en el Estado de Goiás, en los años 2004 y 2010. Se identificó el trabajo desarrollado por la educación física y se analizaron los conceptos básicos y los elementos constitutivos de su plan de estudios. Se llevó a cabo un análisis documental de la Reorientación Curricular de la Redde Educación Primaria Estatal del Estado de Goiás. La propuesta curricular parece haber sido conducida de forma descentralizada, es decir, a partir del diálogo con los maestros delas escuelas, y su justificación se basa en una aproximación crítica de educación yeducación física. Se recomienda que otros estudios sean realizados, tratando de analizar empíricamente el impacto de esta política curricular en la realidad escolar.

A pesquisa na formação inicial dos professores de Educação Física / Research training in physical education teacher

O presente estudo tem o objetivo analisar o lugar da pesquisa no currículo de um curso de formação inicial de professores de Educação Física para a Educação Básica. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de levantamento de dados a análise documental, o questionário, a entrevista semiestruturada e o grupo focal. Foi compreendido que a pesquisa possui uma indicação de inclusão em todas as disciplinas. Os interlocutores reconheceram a existência da inclusão da pesquisa no currículo do curso de licenciatura em Educação Física da instituição. Também ressaltaram que esse processo apresenta limites e possibilidades.

This study aims to analyze the place of research in the curriculum of a course of initial teacher of Physical Education for Basic Education. Were used as instruments for data collection to document analysis, questionnaire, a semi-structured interviews and focus groups. It was understood that the research has an indication of inclusion in all disciplines. The speakers acknowledged the existence of the survey's inclusion in the curriculum of the degree course in Physical Education institution. It also emphasized that this process has limits and possibilities.

Este estudio pretende analizar el lugar de la investigación en el currículum de un curso de formación inicial del profesorado de Educación Física para la Educación Básica. Se utilizaron como instrumentos para la recolección de datos para el análisis de documentos, cuestionario, entrevistas semi-estructuradas y grupos focales. Se entendía que la investigación tiene una indicación de su inclusión en todas las disciplinas. Los oradores reconocieron la existencia de la inclusión de la encuesta en el currículum de la carrera en la institución de Educación Física. También hizo hincapié en que este proceso tiene sus límites y posibilidades.

A pesquisa no currículo de um curso de formação inicial de professores de educação física / Investigación em el curriculum de un curso de formación inicial para profesores de educación física / Research into the curriculum of a basic training course for teachers of physical education

O presente estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o lugar da pesquisa no currículo de um curso de formação inicial de professores de Educação Física para a Educação Básica. Para alcançar tal propósito procuramos compreender se a pesquisa é componente integrante nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Formação de Professores para a Educação Básica e analisamos a concepção e a indicação de inclusão da pesquisa estabelecida no projeto político pedagógico do curso de formação. Foi utilizado como procedimento de pesquisa a análise documental. A pesquisa foi realizada em curso de formação de professores de Educação Física vinculada a uma universidade localizada no Estado de Goiás.