Generation and propagation of recombinant mumps viruses exhibiting an additional U residue in the homopolymeric U tract of the F gene-end signal.

As a member of the family paramyxoviridae, subfamily paramyxovirinae, the genome of mumps virus (MuV) is postulated to be polyhexameric in length in order to be able to replicate efficiently. While all natural MuV strains sequenced so far obey to this "rule of six," we describe here the isolation of recombinant MuVs that appeared to contain an additional U residue in the homopolymeric tract of the F gene-end signal, resulting in a genome length of 6n + 1. Sequencing of several plaque-purified viruses from these preparations did not reveal the existence of length-correcting mutations, suggesting that they are violators of the rule of six. Employing high-throughput sequencing technology, we provide evidence that the insertion of an additional U residue is mainly the result of the rescue system used that relies on T7 RNA polymerase. Limited in vitro and in vivo testing of the viruses did not reveal any significant impact of the longer genome on virus replication or virulence, suggesting that the rule of six is not a strict requirement for MuV replication.

Recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations: no evidence of immune escape.

Recently, numerous large-scale mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. Clinical isolates sequenced from these outbreaks have invariably been of genotypes distinct from those of vaccine viruses, raising concern that certain mumps virus strains may escape vaccine-induced immunity. To investigate this concern, sera obtained from children 6 weeks after receipt of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine were tested for the ability to neutralize a carefully selected group of genetically diverse mumps virus strains. Although the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer of the sera was lower against some virus strains than others, all viruses were readily neutralized, arguing against immune escape.

Gene-specific contributions to mumps virus neurovirulence and neuroattenuation.

Mumps virus (MuV) is highly neurotropic and was the leading cause of aseptic meningitis in the Western Hemisphere prior to widespread use of live attenuated MuV vaccines. Due to the absence of markers of virus neuroattenuation and neurovirulence, ensuring mumps vaccine safety has proven problematic, as demonstrated by the occurrence of aseptic meningitis in recipients of certain vaccine strains. Here we examined the genetic basis of MuV neuroattenuation and neurovirulence by generating a series of recombinant viruses consisting of combinations of genes derived from a cDNA clone of the neurovirulent wild-type 88-1961 strain (r88) and from a cDNA clone of the highly attenuated Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain (rJL). Testing of these viruses in rats demonstrated the ability of several individual rJL genes and gene combinations to significantly neuroattenuate r88, with the greatest effect imparted by the rJL nucleoprotein/matrix protein combination. Interestingly, no tested combination of r88 genes, including the nucleoprotein/matrix protein combination, was able to convert rJL into a highly neurovirulent virus, highlighting mechanistic differences between processes involved in neuroattenuation and neurovirulence.

Discrimination of mumps virus small hydrophobic gene deletion effects from gene translation effects on virus virulence.

Deletion of the small hydrophobic (SH) protein of certain paramyxoviruses has been found to result in attenuation, suggesting that the SH protein is a virulence factor. To investigate the role of the mumps virus (MuV) SH protein in virulence, multiple stop codons were introduced into the open reading frame (ORF) of a MuV molecular clone (r88-1961(SHstop)), preserving genome structure but precluding production of the SH protein. No differences in neurovirulence were seen between the wild-type and the SH(stop) viruses. In contrast, upon deletion of the SH gene, significant neuroattenuation was observed. These data indicate that the MuV SH protein is not a neurovirulence factor and highlight the importance of distinguishing gene deletion effects from protein-specific effects.

Mumps antibody levels among students before a mumps outbreak: in search of a correlate of immunity.

BACKGROUND: In 2006, a mumps outbreak occurred on a university campus despite ≥ 95% coverage of students with 2 doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Using plasma samples from a blood drive held on campus before identification of mumps cases, we compared vaccine-induced preoutbreak mumps antibody levels between individuals who developed mumps (case patients) and those who did not develop mumps (nonpatients). METHODS: Preoutbreak samples were available from 11 case patients, 22 nonpatients who reported mumps exposure but no mumps symptoms, and 103 nonpatients who reported no known exposure and no symptoms. Antibody titers were measured by plaque reduction neutralization assay using Jeryl Lynn vaccine virus and the outbreak virus Iowa-G/USA-06 and by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS: Preoutbreak Jeryl Lynn virus neutralization titers were significantly lower among case patients than unexposed nonpatients (P = .023), and EIA results were significantly lower among case patients than exposed nonpatients (P = .007) and unexposed nonpatients (P = .009). Proportionately more case patients than exposed nonpatients had a preoutbreak anti-Jeryl Lynn titer < 31 (64% vs 27%, respectively; P = .065), an anti-Iowa-G/USA-06 titer < 8 (55% vs 14%; P = .033), and EIA index standard ratio < 1.40 (64% vs 9%; P = .002) and < 1.71 (73% vs 14%, P = .001). DISCUSSION: Case patients generally had lower preoutbreak mumps antibody levels than nonpatients. However, titers overlapped and no cutoff points separated all mumps case patients from all nonpatients.

A Single Point Mutation in the Mumps V Protein Alters Targeting of the Cellular STAT Pathways Resulting in Virus Attenuation.

Mumps virus (MuV) is a neurotropic non-segmented, negative-stranded, enveloped RNA virus in the Paramyxovirus family. The 15.4 kb genome encodes seven genes, including the V/P, which encodes, among other proteins, the V protein. The MuV V protein has been shown to target the cellular signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins STAT1 and STAT3 for proteasome-mediated degradation. While MuV V protein targeting of STAT1 is generally accepted as a means of limiting innate antiviral responses, the consequence of V protein targeting of STAT3 is less clear. Further, since the MuV V protein targets both STAT1 and STAT3, specifically investigating viral antagonism of STAT3 targeting is challenging. However, a previous study reported that a single amino acid substitution in the MuV V protein (E95D) inhibits targeting of STAT3, but not STAT1. This provided us with a unique opportunity to examine the specific role of STAT 3 in MuV virulence in an in vivo model. Here, using a clone of a wild type MuV strain expressing the E95D mutant V protein, we present data linking inhibition of STAT3 targeting with the accelerated clearance of the virus and reduced neurovirulence in vivo, suggesting its role in promoting antiviral responses. These data suggest a rational approach to virus attenuation that could be exploited for future vaccine development.

Purification of mumps virus particles of high viability.

Mumps is a highly infectious viral disease of humans with a wide array of clinical manifestations ranging from painful swelling of the salivary glands to meningitis and encephalitis. Despite the clinical importance of mumps virus, most of what is known of its biological properties comes from studies using supernatants from virus infected cell cultures, which contain substantial levels of host cell derived debris and biologically active substances such as cytokines, transcription factors and secreted virus proteins. These contaminants complicate interpretation of studies of virus replication, virus-host interactions and in vivo virulence. Here we describe a protocol for concentration of the virus from cell culture supernatants followed by gradient purification, resulting in attainment of high titer live virus of high purity.

Evidence that a polyhexameric genome length is preferred, but not strictly required, for efficient mumps virus replication.

Mumps virus (MuV) is postulated to adhere to the "rule of six" for efficient replication. To examine the requirement for MuV, minigenomes of nonpolyhexameric length (6n-1 and 6n+1) were analyzed. Expression of the reporter gene CAT was significantly reduced with minigenomes of nonpolyhexameric length compared to the wild type 6n genome, and reduction was more pronounced for the 6n-1 than for the 6n+1 minigenome. That 6n-1 genomes are impacted by nonconformance with the rule of six to a greater degree as compared to 6n+1 genomes was also suggested with MuV derived from cDNA coding for 6n+1 or 6n-1 genomes. While viruses recovered from 6n+1 cDNAs maintained a nonpolyhexameric genome length over multiple replication cycles, viruses rescued from the 6n-1 cDNAs acquired length correcting mutations rapidly following rescue. Our data indicate that polyhexameric genomes are the preferred template for the MuV RNA polymerase, but that this requirement is not absolute.

Mumps antibody response in young adults after a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Mumps outbreaks in populations with high 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine coverage raise the question whether a third dose of MMR vaccine (MMR3) is needed. However, data on the immunogenicity of MMR3 are limited. We assessed mumps virus neutralizing antibody levels pre- and post-MMR3 in a nonoutbreak setting. METHODS: Mumps antibody titers were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 1 year after MMR3 in subjects aged 18-28 years. RESULTS: At baseline, 5 of 656 (0.8%) subjects had seronegative mumps neutralizing antibody titers and 38 (5.8%) had low titers. One year post-MMR3, these numbers declined to 3 (0.5%) and 16 (2.4%), respectively. Subjects with low baseline titers were more likely to have low 1-month and 1-year titers (R (2) = 0.81-0.87, P < .0001). Compared to baseline, geometric mean titers were significantly higher at 1 month (P < .0001) and 1 year (P < .01) post-MMR3; however, reverse cumulative distribution curves showed only minimal shifts in mumps titers from baseline to 1 month and 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Very few subjects had negative or low baseline mumps titers. Nonetheless, mumps titers had modest but significant increases when measured 1 month and 1 year post-MMR3. This temporary increase in titers could decrease susceptibility to disease during outbreaks, but may have limited value for routine use in vaccinated populations.