Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Substrate-Induced Assembly of Gold Nanocube Arrays toward an Accelerated Electrocatalytic Effect Employing Heterogeneous Diffusion Field Confinement.

The complex electrocatalytic performance of gold nanocubes (AuNCs) is the focus of this work. The faceted shapes of AuNCs and the individual assembly processes at the electrode surfaces define the heterogeneous conditions for the purpose of electrocatalytic processes. Topographic and electron imaging demonstrated slightly rounded AuNC (average of 38 nm) assemblies with sizes of ≤1 µm, where the dominating patterns are (111) and (200) crystallographic planes. The AuNCs significantly impact the electrochemical performance of the investigated electrode [indium-tin oxide (ITO), glassy carbon (GC), and bulk gold] systems driven by surface electrons promoting the catalytic effect. Cyclic voltammetry in combination with scanning electrochemical microscopy allowed us to decipher the molecular mechanism of substrate-induced electrostatic assembly of gold nanocube arrays, revealing that the accelerated electrocatalytic effect should be attributed to the confinement of the heterogeneous diffusion fields with tremendous electrochemically active surface area variations. AuNC drop-casting at ITO, GC, and Au led to various mechanisms of heterogeneous charge transfer; only in the case of GC did the decoration significantly increase the electrochemically active surface area (EASA) and ferrocyanide redox kinetics. For ITO and Au substrates, AuNC drop-casting decreases system dimensionality rather than increasing the EASA, where Au-Au self-diffusion was also observed. Interactions of the gold, ITO, and GC surfaces with themselves and with surfactant CTAB and ferrocyanide molecules were investigated using density functional theory.

Insight into Potassium Vanadates as Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysts: Synthesis of V(IV)-Rich Nano/Microstructures for the Photodegradation of Methylene Blue.

Photocatalysis is regarded as a promising tool for wastewater remediation. In recent years, many studies have focused on investigating novel photocatalysts driven by visible light. In this study, K2V6O16·nH2O nanobelts and KV3O8 microplatelets were synthesized and investigated as photocatalysts. Samples were obtained via the facile method based on liquid-phase exfoliation with ion exchange. By changing the synthesis temperature (20-80 °C), different compositions, morphologies, and V4+/V5+ ratios were obtained and investigated as photocatalysts for organic dye degradation. Potassium vanadates' structural, morphological, and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with mass spectrometry (MS), N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Synthesized K2V6O16·nH2O and KV3O8 showed an efficient absorption in the visible wavelength region with a narrow band gap energy of 1.80 and 1.91 eV, respectively. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under simulated solar light illumination. The KV3O8 microplatelets exhibited the greatest photocatalytic activity, resulting in more than 90% degradation of the dye within the first 30 min. It is suggested that the observed excellent photocatalytic performance is attributed to the high content of V4+ species. Furthermore, the influence of active species was investigated, and the mechanism responsible for the photodegradation of the MB dye was discussed for the first time for potassium vanadates.

New Core-Shell Nanostructures for FRET Studies: Synthesis, Characterization, and Quantitative Analysis.

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of new core-shell material designed for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies. Synthesis, structural and optical properties of core-shell nanostructures with a large number of two kinds of fluorophores bound to the shell are presented. As fluorophores, strongly fluorescent rhodamine 101 and rhodamine 110 chloride were selected. The dyes exhibit significant spectral overlap between acceptor absorption and donor emission spectra, which enables effective FRET. Core-shell nanoparticles strongly differing in the ratio of donors to acceptor numbers were prepared. This leads to two different interesting cases: typical single-step FRET or multistep energy migration preceding FRET. The single-step FRET model that was designed and presented by some of us recently for core-shell nanoparticles is herein experimentally verified. Very good agreement between the analytical expression for donor fluorescence intensity decay and experimental data was obtained, which confirmed the correctness of the model. Multistep energy migration between donors preceding the final transfer to the acceptor can also be successfully described. In this case, however, experimental data are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations, as there is no respective analytical expression. Excellent agreement in this more general case evidences the usefulness of this numerical method in the design and prediction of the properties of the synthesized core-shell nanoparticles labelled with multiple and chemically different fluorophores.

Electrochemically directed biofunctionalization of a lossy-mode resonance optical fiber sensor.

In this work, we present a direct electrochemical biofunctionalization of an indium-tin-oxide-coated lossy-mode resonance optical fiber sensor. The functionalization using a biotin derivative was performed by cyclic voltammetry in a 10 mM biotin hydrazide solution. All stages of the experiment were simultaneously verified with optical and electrochemical techniques. Performed measurements indicate the presence of a poly-biotin layer on the sensor's surface. Furthermore, dual-domain detection of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL of avidin confirms the sensor's viability for label-free detection.

Efficient Method for the Concentration Determination of Fmoc Groups Incorporated in the Core-Shell Materials by Fmoc-Glycine.

In this paper, we described the synthesis procedure of TiO2@SiO2 core-shell modified with 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS). The chemical attachment of Fmoc-glycine (Fmoc-Gly-OH) at the surface of the core-shell structure was performed to determine the amount of active amino groups on the basis of the amount of Fmoc group calculation. We characterized nanostructures using various methods: transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the modification effectiveness. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) measurement was adopted for the quantitative determination of amino groups present on the TiO2@SiO2 core-shell surface by determination of Fmoc substitution. The nanomaterials were functionalized by Fmoc-Gly-OH and then the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group was cleaved using 20% (v/v) solution of piperidine in DMF. This reaction led to the formation of a dibenzofulvene-piperidine adduct enabling the estimation of free Fmoc groups by measurement the maximum absorption at 289 and 301 nm using UV-vis spectroscopy. The calculations of Fmoc loading on core-shell materials was performed using different molar absorption coefficient: 5800 and 6089 dm3 × mol-1 × cm-1 for λ = 289 nm and both 7800 and 8021 dm3 × mol-1 × cm-1 for λ = 301 nm. The obtained results indicate that amount of Fmoc groups present on TiO2@SiO2-(CH2)3-NH2 was calculated at 6 to 9 µmol/g. Furthermore, all measurements were compared with Fmoc-Gly-OH used as the model sample.

Optical Detection of Ketoprofen by Its Electropolymerization on an Indium Tin Oxide-Coated Optical Fiber Probe.

In this work an application of optical fiber sensors for real-time optical monitoring of electrochemical deposition of ketoprofen during its anodic oxidation is discussed. The sensors were fabricated by reactive magnetron sputtering of indium tin oxide (ITO) on a 2.5 cm-long core of polymer-clad silica fibers. ITO tuned in optical properties and thickness allows for achieving a lossy-mode resonance (LMR) phenomenon and it can be simultaneously applied as an electrode in an electrochemical setup. The ITO-LMR electrode allows for optical monitoring of changes occurring at the electrode during electrochemical processing. The studies have shown that the ITO-LMR sensor’s spectral response strongly depends on electrochemical modification of its surface by ketoprofen. The effect can be applied for real-time detection of ketoprofen. The obtained sensitivities reached over 1400 nm/M (nm·mg−1·L) and 16,400 a.u./M (a.u.·mg−1·L) for resonance wavelength and transmission shifts, respectively. The proposed method is a valuable alternative for the analysis of ketoprofen within the concentration range of 0.25⁻250 μg mL−1, and allows for its determination at therapeutic and toxic levels. The proposed novel sensing approach provides a promising strategy for both optical and electrochemical detection of electrochemical modifications of ITO or its surface by various compounds.

Aurintricarboxylic acid structure modifications lead to reduction of inhibitory properties against virulence factor YopH and higher cytotoxicity.

Yersinia sp. bacteria owe their viability and pathogenic virulence to the YopH factor, which is a highly active bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase. Inhibition of YopH phosphatase results in the lack of Yersinia sp. pathogenicity. We have previously described that aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits the activity of YopH at nanomolar concentrations and represents a unique mechanism of YopH inactivation due to a redox process. This work is a continuation of our previous studies. Here we show that modifications of the structure of aurintricarboxylic acid reduce the ability to inactivate YopH and lead to higher cytotoxicity. In the present paper we examine the inhibitory properties of aurintricarboxylic acid analogues, such as eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) and pararosaniline. Computational docking studies we report here indicate that ATA analogues are not precluded to bind in the YopH active site and in all obtained binding conformations ECR and pararosaniline bind to YopH active site. The free binding energy calculations show that ECR has a stronger binding affinity to YopH than pararosaniline, which was confirmed by experimental YopH enzymatic activity studies. We found that ATA analogues can reversibly reduce the enzymatic activity of YopH, but possess weaker inhibitory properties than ATA. The ATA analogues induced inactivation of YopH is probably due to oxidative mechanism, as pretreatment with catalase prevents from inhibition. We also found that ATA analogues significantly decrease the viability of macrophage cells, especially pararosaniline, while ATA reveals only slight effect on cell viability.

Microwave-Induced Processing of Free-Standing 3D Printouts: An Effortless Route to High-Redox Kinetics in Electroanalysis.

3D-printable composites have become an attractive option used for the design and manufacture of electrochemical sensors. However, to ensure proper charge-transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface, activation is often required, with this step consisting of polymer removal to reveal the conductive nanofiller. In this work, we present a novel effective method for the activation of composites consisting of poly(lactic acid) filled with carbon black (CB-PLA) using microwave radiation. A microwave synthesizer used in chemical laboratories (CEM, Matthews, NC, USA) was used for this purpose, establishing that the appropriate activation time for CB-PLA electrodes is 15 min at 70 °C with a microwave power of 100 W. However, the usefulness of an 80 W kitchen microwave oven is also presented for the first time and discussed as a more sustainable approach to CB-PLA electrode activation. It has been established that 10 min in a kitchen microwave oven is adequate to activate the electrode. The electrochemical properties of the microwave-activated electrodes were determined by electrochemical techniques, and their topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and contact-angle measurements. This study confirms that during microwave activation, PLAs decompose to uncover the conductive carbon-black filler. We deliver a proof-of-concept of the utility of kitchen microwave-oven activation of a 3D-printed, free-standing electrochemical cell (FSEC) in paracetamol electroanalysis in aqueous electrolyte solution. We established satisfactory limits of linearity for paracetamol detection using voltammetry, ranging from 1.9 µM to 1 mM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.31 µM.

Phospholipid-functionalized gold electrode for cellular membrane interface studies - interactions between DMPC bilayer and human cystatin C.

This work describes the electrochemical studies on the interactions between V57G mutant of human cystatin C (hCC V57G) and membrane bilayer immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode. The electrode was modified with 6-mercaptohexan-1-ol (MCH) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). DMPC was used as a membrane mimetic for monitoring electrochemical changes resulting from the interactions between the functionalized electrode surface and human cystatin C. The interactions between the modified electrode and hCC V57G were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing Fe(CN)63-/4- as a redox probe. The electrochemical measurements confirm that fabricated electrode is sensitive to hCC V57G at the concentration of 1 × 10-14 M. The incubation studies carried out at higher concentrations resulted in insignificant changes observed in cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The calculated values of surface coverage θR confirm that the electrode is equally covered at higher concentrations of hCC V57G. Measurements of wettability and surface free energy made it possible to determine the influence of individual structural elements of the modified gold electrode on its properties, and thus allowed to understand the nature of the interactions. Contact angle values confirmed the results obtained during electrochemical measurements, indicating the sensitivity of the electrode towards hCC V57G at the concentration of 1 × 10-14 M. In addition, the XPS spectra confirmed the successful anchoring of hCC V57G to the DMPC-functionalized surface.

Electrochemical detection of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gold electrode modified with DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH - Antimicrobial peptide conjugate.

This work describes fabrication of gold electrodes modified with peptide conjugate DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH that enables ultra-sensitive detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the reference strain of Escherichia coli O26:B6. The initial step of the established procedure implies immobilization of the fully protected DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH peptide on the surface of the gold electrode previously modified by cysteamine. Then side chain- and Fmoc-deprotection was performed in situ on the electrode surface, followed by its incubation in 1 % of BSA solution to block non-specific bindings sites before LPS detection. The efficiency of the modification was confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Additionally, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impendance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to monitor the effectiveness of each step of the modification. The obtained results confirmed that the presence of the surface-attached covalently bound peptide DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH enables LPS detection by means of CV technique within the range from 5 × 10-13 to 5 × 10-4 g/mL in PBS solution. The established limit of detection (LOD) for EIS measurements was 4.93 × 10-21 g/mL with wide linear detection range from 5 × 10-21 to 5 × 10-14 g/mL in PBS solution. Furthermore, we confirmed the ability of the electrode to detect LPS in a complex biological samples, like mouse urine and human serum. The effectiveness of the electrodes in identifying LPS in both urine and serum matrices was confirmed for samples containing LPS at both 2.5 × 10-15 g/mL and 2.5 × 10-9 g/mL.

Enhancing colloidal stability of nanodiamond via surface modification with dendritic molecules for optical sensing in physiological environments.

Pre-treatment of diamond surface in low-temperature plasma for oxygenation and in acids for carboxylation was hypothesized to promote the branching density of the hyperbranched glycidol polymer. This was expected to increase the homogeneity of the branching level and suppress interactions with proteins. As a result, composite nanodiamonds with reduced hydrodynamic diameters that are maintained in physiological environments were anticipated. Surfaces of 140-nm-sized nanodiamonds were functionalized with oxygen and carboxyl groups for grafting of hyperbranched dendritic polyglycerol via anionic ring-opening polymerization of glycidol. The modification was verified with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering investigated colloidal stability in pH-diverse (2-12) solutions, concentrated phosphate-buffered saline, and cell culture media. Thermogravimetric analysis of nanodiamonds-protein incubations examined non-specific binding. Fluorescence emission was tested across pH conditions. Molecular dynamics simulations modeled interparticle interactions in ionic solutions. The hyperbranched polyglycerol grafting increased colloidal stability of nanodiamonds across diverse pH, high ionic media like 10 × concentrated phosphate-buffered saline, and physiological media like serum and cell culture medium. The hyperbranched polyglycerol suppressed non-specific protein adsorption while maintaining intensive fluorescence of nanodiamonds regardless of pH. Molecular modelling indicated reduced interparticle interactions in ionic solutions correlating with the improved colloidal stability.

1,5-Bis(piperidin-1-yl)-9,10-anthraquin-one.

In the centrosymmetric title compound, C24H26N2O2, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation and is inclined at a dihedral angle of 37.5 (1)°to the anthracene ring system. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked through C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distances = 3.806 (1) Å] inter-actions, forming a layer parallel to the bc plane.

Macrocyclic chemosensors with anthraquinone signaling unit built into ionophore. Experimental and computational studies (part I) - synthesis and effect of proton binding on spectrophotometric and electrochemical properties.

Two macrocyclic chemosensors with anthraquinone signaling unit incorporated into ionophore system (via positions 1 and 8) have been synthesized and subsequently their physicochemical properties became the subject of our extensive research. First ligand, labeled in the paper as AQ-Ncrown is characterized by a cyclic structure of a crown ether, while second one AQ-Ncrypt includes an additional ethoxy bridge, which ensures the bicyclic character of a cryptand. The studied macrocycles possess both oxygen and nitrogen heteroatoms in the ionophore cavity. Dualistic (chromophore and electrophore) signaling nature of described compounds, makes them potentially attractive molecular recognition systems. The aim of our research was to synthesize and analyze the spectroscopic, acid-base and redox properties of aforesaid macrocycles. Furthermore, we have combined experimental approach together with theoretical investigations. The equilibrium structures of AQ-Ncrown and AQ-Ncrypt were determined with the use of DFT calculations. The sensitivity of studied macrocycles towards interactions with protons was scrutinized. The complete pH-spectrophotometric characteristic of studied ligands together with their protolytic forms and corresponding pKa values were determined. The influence of medium (aprotic and protic solvent) on spectral effects was described. Furthermore, the molecular electrostatic potential maps for ligands and differential electron densities for their mono and dianions were calculated. The redox reactions was investigated at different pHs by cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical results have presented intriguing phenomenon: the specific stabilization of the reduced form of the protonated molecules. The calculations have revealed that this is a consequence of barrierless intramolecular proton transfer (from the macrocycle cavity onto the anthraquinone moiety) that might occur during the reduction process in acidic medium.

Discriminating macromolecular interactions based on an impedimetric fingerprint supported by multivariate data analysis for rapid and label-free Escherichia coli recognition in human urine.

This manuscript presents a novel approach to address the challenges of electrode fouling and highly complex electrode nanoarchitecture, which are primary concerns for biosensors operating in real environments. The proposed approach utilizes multiparametric impedance discriminant analysis (MIDA) to obtain a fingerprint of the macromolecular interactions on flat glassy carbon surfaces, achieved through self-organized, drop-cast, receptor-functionalized Au nanocube (AuNC) patterns. Real-time monitoring is combined with singular value decomposition and partial least squares discriminant analysis, which enables selective identification of the analyte from raw impedance data, without the use of electric equivalent circuits. As a proof-of-concept, the authors demonstrate the ability to detect Escherichia coli in real human urine using an aptamer-based biosensor that targets RNA polymerase. This is significant, as uropathogenic E. coli is a difficult-to-treat pathogen that is responsible for the majority of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection cases. The proposed approach offers a limit of detection of 11.3 CFU/mL for the uropathogenic E. coli strain No. 57, an analytical range in all studied concentrations (up to 105 CFU/mL), without the use of antifouling strategies, yet not being specific vs other E.coli strain studied (BL21(DE3)). The MIDA approach allowed to identify negative overpotentials (-0.35 to -0.10 V vs Ag/AgCl) as most suitable for the analysis, offering over 80% sensitivity and accuracy, and the measurement was carried out in just 2 min. Moreover, this approach is scalable and can be applied to other biosensor platforms.

1-(Piperidin-1-yl)-9,10-anthraquinone.

In the title compound, C(19)H(17)NO(2), the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The mean planes of the piperidine ring and the anthracene ring system are inclined at a dihedral angle of 38.7 (1)°. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked through C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distance = 3.782 (1) Å] inter-actions, forming a layer parallel to the bc plane.

1-Dimethyl-amino-9,10-anthraquinone.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(16)H(13)NO(2), adjacent mol-ecules are linked through C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distances = 3.844 (2) Å] contacts. The anthracene ring system and dimethyl-amino group are oriented at a dihedral angle of 38.4 (1)°. In the crystal, the mean planes of adjacent anthracene units are inclined at angles of 59.3 (1), 75.7 (1) and 76.0 (1)°.

Functionalized Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Glassy Carbon Electrode Modifiers for Heavy Metal Ions Detection-A Mini Review.

Over the past few decades, nanoparticles of iron oxide Fe3O4 (magnetite) gained significant attention in both basic studies and many practical applications. Their unique properties such as superparamagnetism, low toxicity, synthesis simplicity, high surface area to volume ratio, simple separation methodology by an external magnetic field, and renewability are the reasons for their successful utilisation in environmental remediation, biomedical, and agricultural applications. Moreover, the magnetite surface modification enables the successful binding of various analytes. In this work, we discuss the usage of core-shell nanoparticles and nanocomposites based on Fe3O4 for the modification of the GC electrode surface. Furthermore, this review focuses on the heavy metal ions electrochemical detection using Fe3O4-based nanoparticles-modified electrodes. Moreover, the most frequently used electrochemical methods, such as differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and measurement conditions, including deposition potential, deposition time, and electrolyte selection, are discussed.

Adhesion as a component of retention force of overdenture prostheses-study on selected Au based dental materials used for telescopic crowns using atomic force microscopy and contact angle techniques.

Contemporary prosthetic materials are characterized by highly specific preparation for a given application. This means that at the stage of their creation, not only their function is taken into account, but also the long-term behavior of this material during use. In the case of telescopic crowns, an important factor not yet appearing in the research is the aspect of adhesion force and its dependence on the type of biomaterial, but also the properties of human saliva. The use of artificial saliva, which creates a lubricating layer, reduces the wear on the surface of the telescopic crowns by reducing friction. The impact of artificial saliva on the formation of chemical bonds between prosthetic elements, thus contributing to the so-called retention force has not yet been studied. In this work, two types of measurements of gold telescopic crown materials in the aspect of the adhesion process are presented. Obtained results allowed to fully characterize this phenomenon. We modeled the load force between the microcircuit and the surface under study to suit the conditions between the primary and secondary crowns in the patient's mouth.

Thin Films of Nanocrystalline Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4] Deposited by Resonant Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation.

Prior studies of the thin film deposition of the metal-organic compound of Fe(pz)Pt[CN]4 (pz = pyrazine) using the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) method, provided evidence for laser-induced decomposition of the molecular structure resulting in a significant downshift of the spin transition temperature. In this work we report new results obtained with a tunable pulsed laser, adjusted to water resonance absorption band with a maximum at 3080 nm, instead of 1064 nm laser, to overcome limitations related to laser-target interactions. Using this approach, we obtain uniform and functional thin films of Fe(pz)Pt[CN]4 nanoparticles with an average thickness of 135 nm on Si and/or glass substrates. X-ray diffraction measurements show the crystalline structure of the film identical to that of the reference material. The temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy indicates the spin transition in the temperature range of 275 to 290 K with 15 ± 3 K hysteresis. This result is confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy revealing an absorption band shift from 492 to 550 nm related to metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) for high and low spin states, respectively. Spin crossover is also observed with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, but due to soft X-ray-induced excited spin state trapping (SOXIESST) the transition is not complete and shifted towards lower temperatures.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of the cancer biomarker protein sPD-L1 based on a BMS-8-modified gold electrode.

This work describes the modification of a gold electrode with the BMS-8 compound that interacts with the Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint protein. The results show that we can confirm the presence of the sPD-L1 in the concentration range of 10-18 to 10-8 M using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.87 × 10-14 M for PD-L1 (S/N = 3.3) and at a concentration of 10-14 M via cyclic voltammetry (CV). Additionally, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle, and surface free energy measurements were applied to confirm the functionalization of the electrode. We investigated the selectivity of the electrode for other proteins: Programmed Death-1 (PD-1), cluster of differentiation 160 (CD160), and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) at concentrations of 10-8 M. Differentiation between PD-L1 and PD-1 was achieved based on the analysis of the capacitance effect frequency dispersion at the surface of the modified Au electrode with BMS-8 after incubation at various concentrations of PD-L1 and PD-1 proteins in the range of 10-18 to 10-8 M. Significant differences were observed in the heterogeneity of PD-L1 and PD-1. The results of the quasi-capacitance studies demonstrate that BMS-8 strongly and specifically interacts with the PD-L1 protein.