Betulinic Acid Modulates the Expression of HSPA and Activates Apoptosis in Two Cell Lines of Human Colorectal Cancer.

Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene usually isolated from botanical sources. Numerous studies have reported the inhibitory effect of BA against human colorectal cancer cells (CRC). However, its effect on the expression of the molecular chaperone HSPA is unclear. The aim of this research is to investigate the anti-cancer activities of BA purified from Piper retrofractum and study its effect on the expression of HSPA in colorectal cancer HCT116 and SW480 cells. The viability of both cancer cells was reduced after they were treated with an increasing dosage of BA. Flow cytometry assay revealed that levels of cell apoptosis significantly increased after incubation with BA in both cancer cells. Pro-apoptotic markers including Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-9 were increased while anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 was decreased after BA treatment. Western blot also showed that the expression of HSPA fluctuated upon BA treatment, whereby HSPA was increased at lower BA concentrations while at higher BA concentrations HSPA expression was decreased. Preliminary molecular docking assay showed that BA can bind to the nucleotide binding domain of the HSP70 at its ADP-bound state of the HSP70. Although further research is needed to comprehend the BA-HSPA interaction, our findings indicate that BA can be considered as potential candidate for the development of new treatment for colorectal cancer.

Purification and Evaluation of N-benzyl Cinnamamide from Red Seaweed Gracilaria fisheri as an Inhibitor of Vibrio harveyi AI-2 Quorum Sensing.

Previously, we reported that the ethanol extract from red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri effectively decreased biofilm formation of Vibrio harveyi. In this study, the anti-biofilm active compounds in the ethanol extract were isolated and their structures identified. The anti-biofilm fractionation assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) produced two fractions which possessed maximal inhibitory activities toward the biofilm formation of V. harveyi strains 1114 and BAA 1116. Following chromatographic separation of the bioactive fractions, two pure compounds were isolated, and their structures were elucidated using FTIR, NMR, and HR-TOF-MS. The compounds were N-benzyl cinnamamide and α-resorcylic acid. The in vitro activity assay demonstrated that both compounds inhibited the biofilm formation of V. harveyi and possessed the anti-quorum sensing activity by interfering with the bioluminescence of the bacteria. However, the N-benzyl cinnamamide was more potent than α-resorcylic acid with a 10-fold lesser MIC. The present study reveals the beneficial property of the N-benzyl cinnamamide from the ethanol extract as a lead anti-microbial drug against V. harveyi.

An ethyl-acetate fraction of Holothuria scabra modulates inflammation in vitro through inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines via NF-κB and JNK pathways.

Sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, is an echinoderm marine animal that has long been used as a traditional therapeutic in various diseases due to its chemical composition and protein enrichment. Many researchers have extensively studied the efficacy of sea cucumber extracts for many health benefits in recent years. Inflammation is a complex process involved in pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine products. However, the role of the H. scabra extracts in anti-inflammation and its molecular regulations has not been apparently elucidated yet. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of H. scabra extracts by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli to induce an inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophage. It was found that ethyl acetate fraction of H. scabra extracts (EAHS) inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines synthesis at both the transcriptional and translational levels, notably nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In addition, EAHS was able to downregulate IκB/NF-κB, and JNK expressions. These effects may be influenced by high contents of phenolic compound and triterpene glycosides in EAHS. Therefore, EAHS might have the potential to be developed as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

Holothuria scabra extracts exhibit anti-Parkinson potential in C. elegans: A model for anti-Parkinson testing.

OBJECTIVES: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with aggregation of α-synuclein and selective death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, thereby leading to cognitive and motor impairments. Nowadays, the drugs commonly used for PD treatment, such as levodopa, provide only symptomatic relief. Therefore, seeking new drugs against PD, especially from plants and marine organisms, is one of the major research areas to be explored. This study aimed to investigate the anti-Parkinson activity of the extracts from the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, by using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. METHODS: H. scabra was solvent-extracted and subdivided into six fractions including whole body-ethyl acetate (WBEA), body wall-ethyl acetate (BWEA), viscera-ethyl acetate (VIEA), whole body-butanol (WBBU), body wall-butanol (BWBU), and viscera-butanol (VIBU). The extracts were tested in C. elegans BZ555 strain expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically in the DA neurons and NL5901 strain expressing human α-synuclein in the muscle cells. RESULTS: WBEA, BWEA, and WBBU fractions of H. scabra extracts at 500 µg/ml significantly attenuated DA neuron-degeneration induced by selective cathecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the BZ555 strain. Moreover, the extracts also reduced α-synuclein aggregation and restored lipid content in NL5901, as well as improved food-sensing behavior and prolonged lifespan in the 6-OHDA-treated wild-type strain. DISCUSSION: The study indicated that the H. scabra extracts have anti-Parkinson potential in the C. elegans model. These findings encourage further investigations on using the H. scabra extract, as well as its active constituent compounds, as a possible preventive and/or therapeutic intervention against PD.

Insecticidal efficacy and possibility of Combretum trifoliatum Vent. (Myrtales: Combretaceae) extracts in controlling Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

BACKGROUND: The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is an important pest of agronomical crops. It is interesting to discover secondary metabolites in plants that are environmentally safer than synthetic pesticides. For this purpose, Combretum trifoliatum crude extract and its isolated compounds were investigated for their insecticidal activities against S. frugiperda. RESULTS: The median lethal dose (LD50 ) was evaluated in the second-instar larvae using the topical application method. The isolated compounds, apigenin and camphor, demonstrated a highly toxic effect on larvae at a lower LD50 dose than crude extract. Moreover, when the larvae were exposed to crude extract concentrations, the development to pupa and adult stages was reduced by more than 50%. The ovicidal toxicity was examined using a hand sprayer. The extract concentration 5, 10, and 20 µg/egg significantly decreased the egg hatchability. In addition, crude extract showed a significant difference in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity while crude extract and camphor showed significant inhibitory effects on carboxylesterase (CE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. CONCLUSION: The crude ethanol extract of Combretum trifoliatum was toxic to S. frugiperda in terms of larval mortality, negatively affecting biological parameters, and decreasing egg hatchability. Additionally, the activities of cholinergic and detoxifying enzymes were affected by crude extract and its isolated compounds. These results highlight that Combretum trifoliatum might be efficient as a bioinsecticide to control S. frugiperda. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic secondary metabolites from Acorus calamus (Acorales: Acoraceae) rhizomes: the feeding deterrents for Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive pests of various crops cultivated in Thailand. Spodoptera litura larvae, at early stages, attack the leaves and feed on every part of infested crops in later stages. Acorus calamus essential oil contains toxic asarones, which are generalistic cytotoxic compounds. However, the present study is the first attempt to look at safer metabolites from the rhizomes that could deter insect feeding. The objective was to use such compounds as safer residues on crops that would prevent the feeding of herbivorous lepidopterans. Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay. Chrysin also reduced carboxylesterase activities (1.37-fold), whereas A. calamus methanol extract reduced glutathione-S-transferase activities (1.44-fold). Some larvae were also seen dead if they consumed the treated kale leaves. Feeding deterrent activity in the methanol extract of A. calamus was due to chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenone. The large-scale utilization of such compounds could help develop feeding deterrent strategies in the integrated pest management of lepidopterans.

Effect of Betulinic acid Extraction from Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) Leaves Against Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells.

BACKGROUND: Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene glycoside extract from guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) leaves, displays a variety of biological activities which exhibit cancer therapeutic properties associated with cancer growth inhibition in various kinds of human cancer cells including brain, breast, colorectal, cervical, lung and prostate gland. However, the effects on human cholangiocarcinoma cells have not previously been reported. Current study, we evaluated the activity of BA against human cholangiocarcinoma (HuCCA) cells. METHODS: The cytotoxicity analysis was measured by using MTT assay on HuCCA and BHK-21 cells. Analysis of apoptosis was evaluated by using staining with Hoechst 33342 and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: The BA (50-800 µg/mL) significantly reduced the viability of HuCCA cells in a dose-dependent action with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 92.45 µg/mL at 24 h. It also induced apoptosis signaling pathway, such as nuclear chromatin condensation and fragmentation. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that BA increased p53, Bax and caspase-3 expression whilst it decreased Bcl-2 expression in the HuCCA cells in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: BA can inhibit the HuCCA cell viability and induce apoptosis of neoplastic cells. This study indicates that BA has effective treatment for cholangiocarcinoma in vitro. Consequently, BA may be used as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in the future.

Insecticidal Effects of Triterpene Glycosides Extracted From Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is economically important in many countries. Many biopesticides have been developed and studied to control this pest species; however, few natural products from marine organisms have been studied for their pesticidal efficiency. This study compared the acute contact toxicity of solvent extracted from the viscera of Holothuria atra and isolated triterpene glycoside compounds on third-instar S. litura. Our results showed that crude methanolic extracts were the most toxic to the larvae (LC50 ~ 10.37 mg/ml) compared with other crude extracts and contained the bioactive compound 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (LC50 ~ 6.01 mg/ml). All crude extracts and isolated triterpene glycoside compounds inhibited carboxylesterase activity. The efficiency and effectiveness of H. atra extractions and triterpene glycoside compounds against S. litura indicate their potential use in integrated pest management programs and the overall value of marine species as natural sources of insecticidal compounds.

Development of pure certified reference material of stevioside.

Pure stevioside was extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) to be used as a reference material in the instrument calibration or method validation process. The mass fraction was determined by comparison between the mass balance method and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy. The impurities in the sample were analyzed by Karl Fischer titration for moisture content and thermogravimetric analysis for inorganic residue. Homogeneity, together with short term and long term stability, were also studied and the uncertainty was reported. The certified value of this mass fraction is 0.986 ±â€¯0.0019 (k = 2) with 1 year stability.

Holothuria scabra extracts possess anti-oxidant activity and promote stress resistance and lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Holothuria scabra is a sea cucumber that is mostly found in the Indo-Pacific region including Thailand. Extracts from many sea cucumbers possess pharmacological activities proposed to benefit human health. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-ageing activities of extracts from H. scabra by using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Parts of H. scabra were solvent-extracted and divided into nine fractions including whole body-hexane (WBHE), whole body-ethyl acetate (WBEA), whole body-butanol (WBBU), body wall-hexane (BWHE), body wall-ethyl acetate (BWEA), body wall-butanol (BWBU), viscera-hexane (VIHE), viscera-ethyl acetate (VIEA), and viscera-butanol (VIBU). All fractions of the extracts were tested for anti-oxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays and for anti-ageing effects by lifespan assays using C. elegans as a model. The results showed anti-oxidant properties in all fractions with the highest activity shown by the DPPH assay in WBBU (EC50 = 3.12 ±â€¯0.09 mg/ml), and by the ABTS assay in WBHE (EC50 = 0.31 ±â€¯0.10 mg/ml). In lifespan assays the highest anti-ageing effect was detected in WBBU- and BWEA-treated C. elegans with increased mean lifespans of 8.12% and 4.77%, respectively. Furthermore, WBBU and BWEA-treated C. elegans exhibited significantly higher resistance against heat shock and paraquat-induced oxidative stresses than controls. By using LC-MS/MS, both extracts were characterized to contain triterpene glycosides as the main bioactive components. To explore mechanisms of H. scabra extracts on longevity and stress resistance, worms with genetic mutations in anti-ageing pathways were analyzed and showed that WBBU and BWEA did not prolong the lifespan of daf-16, age-1, sir-2.1, jnk-1, sek-1, and osr-1 mutants, suggesting that these genetic pathways are involved in mediating the anti-ageing effects of the H. scabra extracts. Moreover, WBBU and BWEA enhanced the nuclear translocation of the FoxO/DAF-16 transcription factor, and increased mRNA expression of this gene and its downstream targets sod-3, hsp12.3, and hsp16.2. In conclusion, this study strongly demonstrates anti-oxidant and anti-ageing properties of H. scabra extracts containing triterpene glycosides, which, in the C. elegans model, may be mediated via the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS)-DAF-16 pathway.

The Possibility of Using Isolated Alkaloid Compounds and Crude Extracts of Piper retrofractum (Piperaceae) as Larvicidal Control Agents for Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae.

Culex quinquefasciatus is a common domestic mosquito that is widespread in many areas of Thailand and serves as a southeastern vector of Japanese encephalitis. The present study investigated the acute toxicity of crude extracts and alkaloid compounds of Piper retrofractum (Piperales: Piperaceae) in Cx. quinquefasciatus third instar larvae. P. retrofractum was sequentially extracted using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, and the crude extracts were tested on mosquito larvae. Detoxification and neuroenzymes were analyzed to establish the mode of action. Acute toxicity was assessed on Poecilia reticulata (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) to determine the possibility of toxicity in a nontarget species. Our results showed crude hexane extract had the highest toxicity in Cx. quinquefasciatus (0.9 ppm). Piperine and piperanine, which are alkaloid compounds from the crude hexane extract, showed LC50 values of 0.27 and 2.97 ppm, respectively, after 24 h of exposure. All the crude extracts showed low toxicity in P. reticulata compared with that in the mosquito larvae. The carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities in Cx. quinquefasciatus were reduced after treatment with all the extracts and the two alkaloid compounds. Thus, P. retrofractum shows larvicidal effects against Cx. quinquefasciatus and low toxicity for nontarget species. Thus, P. retrofractum could be a choice for controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Neuroprotection of N-benzylcinnamide on scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, affects learning and memory resulting from cholinergic dysfunction. Scopolamine has been employed to induce Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in vivo and in vitro through alteration of cholinergic system. N-benzylcinnamide (PT-3), purified from Piper submultinerve, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective properties against amyloid-ß-induced neuronal toxicity in rat cortical primary cell culture and to improve spatial learning and memory of aged rats through alleviating oxidative stress. We proposed a hypothesis that PT3 has a neuroprotective effect against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction. PT-3 (125-200 nM) pretreatment was performed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line following scopolamine induction. PT-3 (125-200 nM) inhibited scopolamine (2 mM)-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, cellular apoptosis, upregulation of acetylcholinesterase activity, downregulation of choline acetyltransferase level, and activation of p38 and JNK signalling pathways. These findings revealed the underlying mechanisms of scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease-like cellular dysfunctions, which provide evidence for developing drugs for the treatment of this debilitating disease.

Scabraside D Extracted from Holothuria scabra Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Growth of Human Cholangiocarcinoma Xenografts in Mice.

Scabraside D, a sulfated triterpene glycoside extract from sea cucumber Holothulia scabra, shows various biological activities, but effects on human cholangiocarcinoma cells have not previously been reported. In the present study, we investigated the activity of scabraside D against human cholangiocarcinoma (HuCCA) both in vitro and for tumor growth inhibition in vivo using a xenograft model in nude mice. Scabraside D (12.5-100 µg/mL) significantly decreased the viability and the migration of the HuCCA cells in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 12.8 ± 0.05 µg/mL at 24 h. It induced signs of apoptotic cells, including shrinkage, pyknosis and karyorrhetic nuclei and DNA fragmentation on agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, by quantitative real-time PCR, scabraside D effectively decreased Bcl-2 while increasing Bax and Caspase-3 gene expression levels suggesting that the scabraside D could induce apoptosis in HuCCA cells. In vivo study demonstrated that scabraside D (1 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 21 days) significantly reduced growth of the HuCCA xenografts without adverse effects on the nude mice. Conclusively, scabraside D induced apoptosis in HuCCA cells and reduced the growth of HuCCA xenographs model. Therefore, scabraside D may have potential as a new therapeutic agent for cholangiocarcinoma.

Potential role of N-benzylcinnamide in inducing neuronal differentiation from human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells.

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by chronic and progressive loss of neurons in structure and function related to aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, the latter characterized by the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain connected to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) have been proposed as one of the candidates for stem cell therapy of nervous system disorders. This study demonstrates that incubation of AF-MSCs, obtained from 16 to 20 week pregnant women, with 10ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 for 48h in conditioned medium resulted in transdifferentiation to cholinergic neuronal-like cells. This phenomenon could also be obtained with N-benzylcinnamide (PT-3). Pre-treatment for 1h with 10nM PT-3 augmented BMP-9 transdifferentiation effect, elevated ßIII-tubulin cell numbers and fluorescence intensity of immunoreactive ChAT, ameliorated BMP-9-related production of reactive oxygen species and enhanced anti-apoptosis status of the neuronal-like cells. The transdiffirentiation process was accompanied by increased p53 but decreased Notch1 and SIRT1 (p53 deacetylase) levels, and activation of p38, ERK1/2 MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways, in concert with inactivation of JNK, all of which were accentuated by PT-3 pre-treatment. These findings suggest that N-benzylcinnamide may provide a useful adjuvant in BMP-9-induced transdifferentiation of AFMSCs into ultimately cholinergic neurons.

Protective roles of N-benzylcinnamide on cortex and hippocampus of aged rat brains.

Brain aging has been associated with oxidative stress leading to inflammation and apoptosis. The protective effects and underlying mechanisms of N-benzylcinnamide (PT-3), purified from Piper submultinerve, on brains of 90-week-old Wistar rats were investigated following daily intraperitoneal injection with 1.5 mg of PT-3/kg of body weight for 15 days. PT-3 treatment improved spatial learning and memory of aged rats and caused significant changes in brain frontal cortex, hippocampus, and temporal cortex in parameters associated with oxidative stress (decreased reactive oxygen species production and iNOS and nNOS levels), inflammation (reduced levels of IL-1ß and IL-6), apoptosis (reduced levels of Bax and activated caspase-3, and elevated level of Bcl-2), and signaling pathways related to inflammation and apoptosis (decreased amounts of phospho-JNK and -p38, increased phospho-Akt level and no change in phospho-ERK1/2 content) compared to controls. PT-3 treatment also inhibited aged rat brain AChE activity. These results suggest that PT-3 with its intrinsic antioxidant and AChE inhibitory properties has therapeutic potential in ameliorating, in part, age-associated damages to the brain.

N-benzylcinnamide protects rat cultured cortical neurons from ß-amyloid peptide-induced neurotoxicity.

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease involves an amyloid ß-peptide (Aß)-induced cascade of elevated oxidative damage and inflammation. The present study investigates the protective effects and the underlying mechanisms of N-benzylcinnamide (PT-3), purified from Piper submultinerve. Against Aß-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat primary cortical cell cultures. Pre-treatment with 10-00nM PT-3 significantly attenuated neuronal cell death induced by 10µM Aß1-42. PT-3 was found to enhance cell viability through a significant reduction in the level of reactive oxygen species, down-regulated expression of pro-apoptotic activated caspase-3 and Bax, increased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and mitigation of Aß-induced morphological alterations. Regarding its effects on inflammatory responses, PT-3 pre-treatment decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-6. The mechanisms of PT-3 neuronal protection against inflammation may be associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. Aß1-42-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK was inhibited by pretreatment with PT-3 in a dose-dependent manner. However, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was not affected by either PT-3 or Aß1-42. PT-3 did not stimulate Akt phosphorylation, which was inhibited by Aß1-42. These findings suggest that PT-3 protects neurons from Aß1-42-induced neurotoxicity through its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties with inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation as the potential underlying mechanism.

Protective role of N-trans-feruloyltyramine against ß-amyloid peptide-induced neurotoxicity in rat cultured cortical neurons.

Enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid ß-peptide (Aß), a major component of amyloid plaques, is considered to have a causal role in the development and progress of AD by being the initiator of a pathological cascade leading to oxidative stress. The present study investigated the effect of N-trans-feruloyltyramine (NTF) purified from Polyalthia suberosa, an alkaloid shown to protect against oxidative stress and cell death. Pre-treatment of rat primary cortical cell cultures with 25-250µM NTF significantly attenuated 10µM Aß(1-42)-induced neuronal death in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptotic cell death was demonstrated morphologically as well as by detection of the presence of activated caspase-3 and Bax, levels of which could be reduced by NTF pre-treatment. NTF also reduced production of reactive oxygen species induced by Aß(1-42). These findings suggest that the protective effect of NTF against Aß(1-42)-induced neuronal death might be due to its antioxidative property.

A new conjugated amide-dimer from the aerial parts of Piper submultinerve.

Bioassay-guided fractionation and purification of the aerial parts of Piper submultinerve led to the isolation of a new conjugated amide-dimer, submultinamide A (1), along with 11 known compounds. The structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Among the tested compounds, pellitorine (2), guineensine (4), N-benzylcinnamide (6) and aristolactam BII (8) showed significant activities in the anti-syncytium assay using (ΔTat/Rev)MC99 virus and 1A2 cell line system, whereas 2 was most active (EC50 35.1 µM and selectivity index 4.7). In the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase assay, only 4 was active with IC50 50.8 µM.