Impact of High-Density Lipoprotein Function, Rather Than High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level, on Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), rather than the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) level, has been attracting more attention in risk prediction for coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods and Results: Patients with clinically diagnosed familial hypercholesterolemia (FH; n=108; male/female, 51/57) were assessed cross-sectionally. Serum cholesterol uptake capacity (CUC) levels were determined using our original cell-free assay. Linear regression was used to determine associations between CUC and clinical variables, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the carotid plaque score. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to test factors associated with the presence of CAD. Among the 108 FH patients, 30 had CAD. CUC levels were significantly lower among patients with than without CAD (median [interquartile range] 119 [92-139] vs. 142 [121-165] arbitrary units [AU]; P=0.0004). In addition, CUC was significantly lower in patients with Achilles tendon thickness ≥9.0 mm than in those without Achilles tendon thickening (133 [110-157] vs. 142 [123-174] AU; P=0.047). Serum CUC levels were negatively correlated with the carotid plaque score (Spearman's r=0.37; P=0.00018). Serum CUC levels were significantly associated with CAD, after adjusting for other clinical variables (odds ratio=0.86, 95% CI=0.76-0.96, P=0.033), whereas HDL-C was not. CONCLUSIONS: HDL function, assessed by serum CUC level, rather than HDL-C level, adds risk stratification information among FH patients.

Effect of Cumulative Exposure to Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that cumulative exposure to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) leads to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, few studies have investigated whether this link extends to individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a relevant patient population.Methods and Results:We retrospectively investigated the health records of 1,050 patients with clinical FH diagnosis between April 1990 and March 2019. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for established ASCVD risk factors to assess the association between cholesterol-year-score and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including death from any cause or hospitalization due to ASCVD events. Cholesterol-year-score was calculated as LDL-C max × [age at diagnosis/statin initiation] + LDL-C at inclusion × [age at inclusion - age at diagnosis/statin initiation]. The median follow-up period for MACE evaluation was 12.3 (interquartile range, 9.1-17.5) years, and 177 patients experienced MACEs during the observation period. Cholesterol-year-score was significantly associated with MACEs (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.53; P=0.0034, per 1,000 mg-year/dL), independent of other traditional risk factors including age and LDL-C, based on cross-sectional assessment. Cholesterol-year-score improved the discrimination ability of other traditional risk factors for ASCVD events (C-index, 0.901 vs. 0.889; P=0.00473). CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative LDL-C exposure was strongly associated with MACEs in Japanese patients with FH, warranting early diagnosis and treatment initiation in these patients.

Clinical Diagnostic Criteria of Familial Hypercholesterolemia　- A Comparison of the Japan Atherosclerosis Society and Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria.

BACKGROUND: This study is aimed to compare the efficacy of the 2017 Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) criteria, which focuses on only 3 essential clinical manifestations, with that of Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) FH criteria, which adopts a scoring system of multiple elements.Methods and Results:A total of 680 Japanese dyslipidemic participants (51% men) were enrolled between 2006 and 2018, all of whom had full evaluations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Achilles tendon X-rays, family history records, and genetic analysis of FH-associated genes (LDLR,APOB, andPCSK9). Predictive values for the existence of FH mutations by both clinical criteria were evaluated. Overall, 173 FH patients were clinically diagnosed by using the 2017 JAS criteria and 100, 57, 156, and 367 subjects were also diagnosed as having definite, probable, possible, and unlikely FH by the DLCN FH criteria, respectively. The positive and negative likelihood ratio predicting the presence of FH mutations by using the 2017 JAS FH criteria were 19.8 and 0.143, respectively; whereas, using the DLCN criteria of definite, probable, and possible FH, the ratios were 29.2 and 0.489, 9.70 and 0.332, and 3.43 and 0.040, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among Japanese patients, the JAS 2017 FH criteria is considered superior to diagnose FH mutation-positive patients and simultaneously rule out FH mutation-negative patients compared with the DLCN FH criteria.

Monogenic, polygenic, and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Familial hypercholesterolemia has long been considered a monogenic disorder. However, recent advances in genetic analyses have revealed various forms of this disorder, including polygenic and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia. We review the current understanding of the genetic background of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Mutations in multiple alleles responsible for low-density lipoprotein regulation could contribute to the development of familial hypercholesterolemia, especially among patients with mutation-negative familial hypercholesterolemia. In oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, multiple rare genetic variations contributed to more severe familial hypercholesterolemia. SUMMARY: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a relatively common 'genetic' disorder associated with an extremely high risk of developing coronary artery disease. In addition to monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, different types of familial hypercholesterolemia, including polygenic and oligogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, exist and have varying degrees of severity. Clinical and genetic assessments for familial hypercholesterolemia and clinical risk stratifications should be performed for accurate diagnosis, as should cascade screening and risk stratification for the offspring of affected patients.

Rare and Deleterious Mutations in ABCG5/ABCG8 Genes Contribute to Mimicking and Worsening of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype.

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of patients clinically diagnosed as having familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) do not manifest causative mutation(s) in the FH genes such asLDLR,APOB, andPCSK9. We aimed to evaluate the effect of rare and deleterious mutation(s) inABCG5/ABCG8on hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolemia in individuals who meet the clinical criteria for FH.Methods and Results:We compared the LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) values among 487 subjects with FH; the subjects were grouped according to the presence of mutation(s) in FH andABCG5/ABCG8genes. We identified 276 individuals with a deleterious mutation in 1 FH gene (57%, monogenic FH), but found no causative mutations in 156 individuals (32%, mutation-negative). A total of 37 individuals had deleterious mutations inABCG5orABCG8, but not in FH genes (8%,ABCG5/ABCG8mutation carriers). Among these, 3 individuals had sitosterolemia (0.6%) with double mutations. We also identified 18 individuals with deleterious mutations in an FH gene andABCG5orABCG8(4%,ABCG5/ABCG8-oligogenic FH). Subjects without mutations had significantly higher polygenic scores than those in any other groups. LDL-C levels in oligogenic FH subjects were significantly higher than in the monogenic FH subjects. Moreover, sitosterol/lathosterol levels were significantly affected by those mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that rare and deleterious mutations inABCG5/ABCG8contribute substantially to mimicking and exacerbation of the FH phenotype.

Impact of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level on Risk Stratification of Thromboembolism and Death in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation　- The Hokuriku-Plus AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) may be a predictor of stroke risk in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF); because heart failure is associated with the incidence of stroke in AF patients. However, limited data exist regarding the association between BNP at baseline and risks of thromboembolic events (TE) and death in NVAF patients. Methods and Results: We prospectively studied 1,013 NVAF patients (725 men, 72.8±9.7 years old) from the Hokuriku-plus AF Registry to determine the relationship between BNP at baseline and prognosis among Japanese NVAF patients. During the follow-up period (median, 751 days); 31 patients experienced TE and there were 81 cases of TE/all-cause death. For each endpoint we constructed receiver-operating characteristic curves that gave cutoff points of BNP for TE (170 pg/mL) and TE/all-cause death (147 pg/mL). Multivariate analysis with the Cox-proportional hazards model indicated that high BNP was significantly associated with risks of TE (hazard ratio [HR] 3.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.83-8.67; P=0.0003) and TE/all-cause death (HR 2.27; 95% CI 1.45-3.56; P=0.0003). Based on the C-index and net reclassification improvement, the addition of BNP to CHA2DS2-VASc statistically improved the prediction of TE. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world cohort of Japanese NVAF patients, high BNP was significantly associated with TE and death. Plasma BNP might be a useful biomarker for these adverse clinical events.

Impact of clinical signs and genetic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia on the prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia.

AIMS: The impact of positive clinical signs (xanthoma and/or family history) and positive familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) mutation status on risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) over and above that predicted by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level alone has not been fully determined. We assessed whether positive clinical signs and genetic FH diagnosis affected CAD risk among subjects with significantly elevated LDL cholesterol levels (≥180 mg/dL, or ≥140 mg/dL in subjects <15 years of age). METHODS AND RESULTS: Three genes causative for FH (LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9) were sequenced in 636 patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia (mean age, 45 years; 300 males [47%], CAD diagnosis, 185 [29%]), and the presence of clinical FH signs (xanthoma and/or family history) were assessed. CAD prevalence was compared between four subject groups categorized based on these parameters. Compared with the reference group without FH mutations or clinical signs of FH, subjects with clinical signs of FH or FH mutations had three- to four-fold higher odds of developing CAD (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-14.5; P = 0.0011 and OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.0-10.9; P = 0.0047, respectively), whereas those with clinical signs of FH and FH mutation(s) had >11-fold higher odds of developing CAD (OR, 11.6; 95% CI, 4.4-30.2; P = 1.1 × 10-5) after adjusting for known risk factors including LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed an additive effect of positive clinical signs of FH and positive FH mutation status to CAD risk among patients with significantly elevated LDL cholesterol.

Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Japanese Patients With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia or at High Cardiovascular Risk With Hypercholesterolemia Not Adequately Controlled With Statins　- ODYSSEY JAPAN Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The ODYSSEY Japan study was designed to demonstrate the reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by alirocumab as add-on to existing lipid-lowering therapy in Japanese patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH) or non-FH at high cardiovascular risk who require additional pharmacological management to achieve their LDL-C treatment goal (<2.6 or <3.1 mmol/L, depending on risk category). METHODS AND RESULTS: This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 52-week study was conducted in Japan. Patients (n=216) with heFH, non-FH at high cardiovascular risk with coronary disease, or classified as category III were enrolled. The prespecified safety analysis was done after the last patient completed 52 weeks. Patients were randomized (2:1, alirocumab:placebo) with stratification for heFH to s.c. alirocumab (75 mg every 2 weeks [Q2 W] with increase to 150 mg if week 8 LDL-C ≥2.6/3.1 mmol/L) or placebo for 52 weeks plus stable statin therapy. At week 24, mean±SE change in LDL-C from baseline was -62.5±1.3% in the alirocumab group and 1.6±1.8% in the placebo group (difference, -64.1±2.2%; P<0.0001); the reduction was sustained to week 52 (alirocumab, -62.5±1.4%; placebo, -3.6±1.9%). No patterns were evident between treatment groups for adverse events at 52 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia on stable statin therapy, alirocumab markedly reduced LDL-C vs. placebo and was well tolerated over 52 weeks. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1980-1987).

Lipoprotein(a) in Familial Hypercholesterolemia With Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Gain-of-Function Mutations.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is elevated in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with mutation(s) of the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene. However, few data exist regarding Lp(a) levels in FH with gain-of-function mutations of the PCSK9 gene. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 42 mutation-determined heterozygous FH patients with aPCSK9gain-of-function mutation (FH-PCSK9, mean age 52, mean LDL-C 235 mg/dl), 198 mutation-determined heterozygous FH patients with aLDLRmutation (FH-LDLR, mean age 44, mean LDL-C 217 mg/dl), and 4,015 controls (CONTROL, mean age 56, mean LDL-C 109 mg/dl). We assessed their Lp(a), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, use of statins, presence of hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Multiple regression analysis showed that HDL-C, use of statins, presence of hypertension, smoking, BMI, and Lp(a) were independently associated with the presence of CAD. Under these conditions, the serum levels of Lp(a) in patients with FH were significantly higher than those of the CONTROL group regardless of their causative genes, among the groups propensity score-matched (median Lp(a) 12.6 mg/dl [IQR:9.4-33.9], 21.1 mg/dl [IQR:11.7-34.9], and 5.0 mg/dl [IQR:2.7-8.1] in the FH-LDLR, FH-PCSK9, and CONTROL groups, respectively, P=0.002 for FH-LDLR vs. CONTROL, P=0.002 for FH-PCSK9 vs. CONTROL). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that serum Lp(a) is elevated in patients with FH caused by PCSK9 gain-of-function mutations to the same level as that in FH caused by LDLR mutations.

Assembly and disassembly dynamics of the cyanobacterial periodosome.

In vitro incubation of three Kai proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, with ATP induces a KaiC phosphorylation cycle that is a potential circadian clock pacemaker in cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The Kai proteins assemble into large heteromultimeric complexes (periodosome) to effect a robust oscillation of KaiC phosphorylation. Here, we report real-time measurements of the assembly/disassembly dynamics of the Kai periodosome by using small-angle X-ray scattering and determination of the low-resolution shapes of the KaiA:KaiC and KaiB:KaiC complexes. Most previously identified period-affecting mutations could be mapped to the association interfaces of our complex models. Our results suggest that the assembly/disassembly processes are crucial for phase entrainment in the early synchronizing stage but are passively driven by the phosphorylation status of KaiC in the late oscillatory stage. The Kai periodosome is assembled in such a way that KaiA and KaiB are recruited to a C-terminal region of KaiC in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.

Changes in lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase mass in familial hypercholesterolemia during three-drug lipid-lowering combination therapy.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to compare the effects of three different lipid-lowering therapies (statins, ezetimibe, and colestimide) on lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase masses in pre-heparin plasma (pre-heparin LPL and EL mass, respectively) from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). FH is usually treated by coadministration of these three drugs. METHODS: The pre-heparin LPL and EL masses were measured in fresh frozen plasma drawn and stored at various time points during coadministration of the three drugs from patients with heterozygous FH harboring a single mutation in the LDL receptor (n = 16, mean age 63 years). The patients were randomly divided into two groups based on the timing when ezetimibe was added. RESULTS: Plasma LPL mass concentration was significantly reduced by rosuvastatin at 20 mg/day (median = 87.4 [IQR: 71.4-124.7] to 67.5 [IQR: 62.1-114.3] ng/ml, P < 0.05). In contrast, ezetimibe at 10 mg/day as well as colestimide at 3.62 g/day did not alter its level substantially (median = 67.5 [IQR: 62.1-114.3] to 70.2 [IQR: 58.3-106.2], and to 74.9 [IQR: 55.6-101.3] ng/ml, respectively) in the group starting with rosuvastatin followed by the addition of ezetimibe and colestimide. On the other hand, the magnitude in LPL mass reduction was lower in the group starting with ezetimibe at 10 mg/day before reaching the maximum dose of 20 mg/day of rosuvastatin. Plasma EL mass concentration was significantly increased by rosuvastatin at 20 mg/day (median = 278.8 [IQR: 186.7-288.7] to 297.0 [IQR: 266.2-300.2] ng/ml, P < 0.05), whereas other drugs did not significantly alter its level. CONCLUSION: The effects on changes of LPL and EL mass differed depending on the lipid-lowering therapy, which may impact the prevention of atherosclerosis differently.

Minimal contribution of severe hypertriglyceridemia in L-asparaginase-associated pancreatitis developed in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

A 10-year-old girl developed L-asparaginase (ASP)-associated pancreatitis during chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Her symptoms showed alleviation with continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and systemic somatostatin analog therapy. She had intermittent and marked hypertriglyceridemia, an initial trigger for pancreatitis, probably as a side effect of ASP and steroids. However, we considered the pancreatitis to have developed mainly because of factors other than hypertriglyceridemia as lipoprotein analysis confirmed chylomicron levels to be nearly undetectable. Extremely large chylomicrons contribute directly to the onset of pancreatitis by causing blockage of small vessels. Although it is necessary to examine patients for dyslipidemia developing as a side effect of ASP, therapeutic intervention for hypertriglyceridemia is not considered to prevent the onset of ASP-associated pancreatitis.

Tracking and visualizing the circadian ticking of the cyanobacterial clock protein KaiC in solution.

The circadian clock in cyanobacteria persists even without the transcription/translation feedbacks proposed for eukaryotic systems. The period of the cyanobacterial clock is tuned to the circadian range by the ATPase activity of a clock protein known as KaiC. Here, we provide structural evidence on how KaiC ticks away 24 h while coupling the ATPase activity in its N-terminal ring to the phosphorylation state in its C-terminal ring. During the phosphorylation cycle, the C-terminal domains of KaiC are repositioned in a stepwise manner to affect global expansion and contraction motions of the C-terminal ring. Arg393 of KaiC has a critical function in expanding the C-terminal ring and its replacement with Cys affects the temperature compensation of the period--a fundamental property of circadian clocks. The conformational ticking of KaiC observed here in solution serves as a timing cue for assembly/disassembly of other clock proteins (KaiA and KaiB), and is interlocked with its auto-inhibitory ATPase underlying circadian periodicity of cyanobacteria.

Plasmid DNA mono-ion complex stabilized by hydrogen bond for in vivo diffusive gene delivery.

Our original concept of the mono-ion complex (MIC) between plasmid DNA (pDNA) and a monocationic biocompatible polymer has been stabilized by hydrogen bond formation. To form the hydrogen bond with pDNA, ω-amide-pentylimidazolium end-modified poly(ethylene glycol), that is, APe-Im-PEG, has been synthesized. Agarose gel retardation assay and circular dichroism measurement have revealed that the MIC between pDNA and APe-Im-PEG has been stabilized by the hydrogen bond between pDNA and the ω-amide group and that the stable MIC has surprisingly further migrated into gel, as compared with naked pDNA. The rise of melting temperature suggests that the specific hydrogen bond forms between an adenine-thymine base pair and the ω-amide group. The resulting pDNA MIC with APe-Im-PEG has enhanced gene expression by intramuscular administration in mice, as compared with a poly(ethylenimine) polyion complex (PIC). These results suggest that the pDNA MIC is diffusive in vivo administration site, as compared with pDNA PICs. Our methodology for MIC stabilization by a ω-amide group is expected to offer superior supramolecular systems to those by ubiquitous PICs for in vivo diffusive gene delivery.

Alkylimidazolium end-modified poly(ethylene glycol) to form the mono-ion complex with plasmid DNA for in vivo gene delivery.

In this study, we consider that the decrease in the transfection activity of polycations in vivo, compared with that in vitro, results from their polyion complex formation. Namely, owing to cross-linking between polycations and plasmid DNAs (pDNAs), the disadvantage of in vivo gene delivery mainly stems from the difficulty in controlling the properties of the resulting polyion complex at the nanoscale size. To avoid the cross-linking by polycations, we have establish the concept of "mono-ion complex" formation between pDNA and a monocationic biocompatible polymer. Here we have synthesized alkylimidazolium end-modified poly(ethylene glycol), that is, R-Im-PEG, and have tuned the electrostatic interaction between the resulting alkylimidazolium group and the phosphate group of pDNA by the length of the alkyl chain to achieve "mono-ion complex" formation with pDNA for in vivo gene delivery. Instead of a polyion complex, our original concept of the "mono-ion complex" consisting of the Bu-Im-PEG and pDNA is expected to offer unique tools to break through the barriers of in vivo gene delivery. As well as the field of gene delivery, this study is considered to have exploded the common sense that it is impossible to form not a polyion complex but a "mono-ion complex" under aqueous conditions for all fields of the modification of biomacromolecules.

Validation of physical examinations of tendon xanthomas and changes in the cutoff values of Achilles tendon thickness on radiography in the clinical criteria of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The 2022 Japan Atherosclerosis Society familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) clinical criteria were modified. In particular, the cutoff value of Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) on radiography was changed from ≥9 mm in both sexes to ≥8.0 mm in men and ≥7.5 mm in women. METHODS: A total of 872 patients with FH were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized by an ATT of <7.5/8.0 mm (group 1), ≥7.5/8.0 and <9.0 mm (group 2, new group with FH by ATT), and ≥9 mm (group 3). RESULTS: In total, 492 patients fell into in group 1, 102 in group 2, and 263 in group 3, and 14.0%, 55.9%, and 79.8% of patients in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were positive for a FH mutation. Further, among patients with an LDL cholesterol >180 mg/dL, 37.3%, 77.3%, and 86.5% of patients had a FH mutation in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The proportion of patients with protein-truncating mutation (3.8%, 16.7%, and 53.2%, respectively) differed significantly across groups 1 through 3, respectively. Interestingly, only a very small proportion of the patients in groups 2 and 3 had palpable xanthomas (3.0% and 14.4% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the new radiographic ATT criteria, since the vast majority of patients in the intermediate ATT category had true FH, as shown by positive genetic testing, whereas the old ATT criteria left them with just a deferred diagnosis of FH. In addition, use of physical examination alone for the presence of tendon xanthoma may lead to underdiagnosis of FH.

Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most common autosomal codominant Mendelian diseases. The major complications of FH include tendon and cutaneous xanthomas and coronary artery disease (CAD) associated with a substantial elevation of serum low-density lipoprotein levels (LDL). Genetic counseling and genetic testing for FH is useful for its diagnosis, risk stratification, and motivation for further LDL-lowering treatments. In this study, we summarize the epidemiology of FH based on numerous genetic studies, including its pathogenic variants, genotype-phenotype correlation, prognostic factors, screening, and usefulness of genetic counseling and genetic testing. Due to the variety of treatments available for this common Mendelian disease, genetic counseling and genetic testing for FH should be implemented in daily clinical practice.

Impact of Blood Pressure Management on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Hypertension has been associated with worse outcomes in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We aimed to identify the clinical impact of blood pressure management on the development of cardiovascular events. We assessed patients with clinically diagnosed heterozygous FH (n = 1,273, male/female = 614/659) with blood pressure data. We categorized them into 4 groups (group 1: patients without hypertension from baseline to follow-up; group 2: patients without hypertension at baseline but in whom hypertension developed at follow-up; group 3: patients with hypertension at baseline that was well-controlled at follow-up; group 4: patients with hypertension from baseline that was uncontrolled at follow-up). We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate factors associated with cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death and any coronary events. The median follow-up period was 10.9 years. We observed 142 cardiovascular events during the follow-up period and revealed that blood pressure management was significantly associated with cardiovascular event occurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30 to 3.70, p <0.001; HR 4.18, 95% CI 2.08 to 6.28, p <0.001; HR 10.96, 95% CI 6.10 to 17.58, p <0.001 in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, with group 1 as reference). In conclusion, blood pressure management is crucial in patients with heterozygous FH.