D-chiro-inositol in clinical practice: A perspective from The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI).

BACKGROUND: D-chiro-inositol is a natural molecule that, in association with its well-studied isomer myo-inositol, may play a role in treating various metabolic and gynecological disorders. OBJECTIVES: This perspective seeks to explore the mechanisms and functions of D-chiro-inositol, laying the foundations to discuss its use in clinical practice, across dysmetabolism, obesity, and hormonal dysregulation. METHODS: A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted. OUTCOME: D-chiro-inositol acts through a variety of mechanisms, acting as an insulin sensitizer, inhibiting the transcription of aromatase, in addition to modulating white adipose tissue/brown adipose tissue trans differentiation. These different modes of action have potential applications in a variety of therapeutic fields including: PCOS, dysmetabolism, obesity, hypoestrogenic/hyperandrogenic disorders, and bone health. CONCLUSIONS: D-chiro-inositol mode of action has been studied in detail in recent years, resulting in a clear differentiation between D-chiro-inositol and its isomer myo-inositol. The insulin sensitizing activities of D-chiro-inositol are well understood; however, its potential applications in other fields, in particular obesity and hyperestrogenic/hypoandrogenic disorders in men and women, represent promising avenues of research that require further clinical study.

PCOS phenotype focus: phenotype D under the magnifying glass.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is defined as the combination of polycystic morphology, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory disruption; this heterogeneity presents a conundrum for the medical community. The Rotterdam criteria have governed the diagnosis of PCOS, separating the patient cohort into four distinct phenotypes. It has been suggested that the lone normoandrogenic phenotype, so-called phenotype D, should not be classified as a PCOS subtype, with phenotypes A, B, and C displaying a hyperandrogenic biochemical and clinical profile thought to be characteristic of PCOS. To understand how to treat phenotype D patients, this review shines a spotlight on the phenotype, gathering various reports of how phenotype D is differentiated from the other PCOS phenotypes.

Trends in kidney transplantation rate across Europe: study from the ERA Registry.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify trends in total, deceased donor (DD) and living donor (LD) kidney transplantation (KT) rates in European countries. METHODS: The European Renal Association (ERA) Registry and the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (GODT) databases were used to obtain the number of KTs in individual European countries between 2010 and 2018. General population counts were obtained from Eurostat or the national bureaus of statistics. The KT rate per million population (p.m.p.) and the average annual percentage change (APC) were calculated. RESULTS: The total KT rate in the 40 participating countries increased with 1.9% annually  [95%  confidence  interval  (CI) 1.5, 2.2] from 29.6 p.m.p. in 2010 to 34.7 p.m.p. in 2018, reflecting an increase of 3.4 p.m.p. in the DD-KT rate (from 21.6 p.m.p. to 25.0 p.m.p.; APC 1.9%; 95% CI 1.3, 2.4) and of 1.5 p.m.p. in the LD-KT rate (from 8.1 p.m.p. to 9.6 p.m.p.; APC 1.6%; 95% CI 1.0, 2.3). The trends in KT rate varied widely across European countries. An East-West gradient was observed for DD-KT rate, with Western European countries performing more KTs. In addition, most countries performed fewer LD-KTs. In 2018, Spain had the highest DD-KT rate (64.6 p.m.p.) and Turkey the highest LD-KT rate (37.0 p.m.p.). CONCLUSIONS: The total KT rate increased due to a rise in the KT rate from DDs and to a lesser extent from LDs, with large differences between individual European countries.

Determinants of immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant recipients: an Italian observational study (the CESIT project).

BACKGROUND: Very scanty evidence is available on factors influencing the choice of immunosuppressive drug therapy after kidney transplantation. METHODS: An Italian multiregional real-world study was conducted integrating national transplant information system and claims data. All patients undergoing kidney transplantation for the first time during 2009-2019 (incident patients) were considered. Multilevel logistic models were used to estimate Odds Ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% Confidence intervals. Factors with statistically significance were identified as characteristics associated with treatment regimens: cyclosporin-CsA vs tacrolimus-Tac and, within the latter group, mTOR inhibitors vs mycophenolate-MMF. RESULTS: We identified 3,622 kidney patients undergoing transplantation in 17 hospitals located in 4 Italian regions, 78.3% was treated with TAC-based therapy, of which 78% and 22% in combination with MMF and mTOR, respectively. For both comparison groups, the choice of immunosuppressive regimens was mostly guided by standard hospital practices. Only few recipient and donor characteristics were found associated with specific regimen (donor/receipt age, immunological risk and diabetes). CONCLUSIONS: The choice of post-renal transplant immunosuppressive therapy seems to be mostly driven by standard Centre practices, while only partially based on patient's characteristics and recognized international guidelines.

Impact of vaccination on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in north-east Italy nursing homes. A propensity score and risk analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the Veneto Region, 421,000 coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) cases and 11,000 deaths have been reported since 21 February 2020. The pandemic spread particularly in nursing homes (NH). OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection among NH residents, focusing on the risk of hospitalisation and death due to COVID-19 compared with the general older population. It also provided evidence of risk changes over time. METHODS: Older people, resident in Veneto, were enrolled from the regional registry of the population. We collected also information about demographic characteristics, chronic diseases, COVID-19 positivity, NH institutionalization, hospitalisation and date of death. Patients were assigned to NH or non-NH residents groups through a propensity score 1:1 matching. The follow-up period was defined as 21 February 2020 - 3 May 2021 and then divided into three waves. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence interval were estimated by using Poisson models with robust estimation of variance. RESULTS: NH residents showed a higher risk of COVID-19 infection (RR = 6.28; 6.03-6.54), hospitalisation for COVID-19 (RR = 2.20; 2.05-2.36) and death with COVID-19 (RR = 6.07; 5.58-6.61). CONCLUSION: NH residents shared common spaces with other patients and healthcare professionals and were more exposed to infections. Nonetheless, in Italy from late December 2020 to May 2021, 95% of NH residents and their healthcare professionals received at least one vaccine dose and RRs for all outcomes decreased in NH.

Effect of comorbidities on survival in patients >80 years of age at onset of renal replacement therapy: data from the ERA-EDTA Registry.

BACKGROUND: The number of elderly patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) is increasing. The survival and quality of life of these patients may be lower if they have multiple comorbidities at the onset of RRT. The aim of this study was to explore whether the effect of comorbidities on survival is similar in elderly RRT patients compared with younger ones. METHODS: Included were 9333 patients ≥80 years of age and 48 352 patients 20-79 years of age starting RRT between 2010 and 2015 from 15 national or regional registries submitting data to the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplantation Association Registry. Patients were followed until death or the end of 2016. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and the relative risk of death associated with comorbidities was assessed by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients ≥80 years of age had a greater comorbidity burden than younger patients. However, relative risks of death associated with all studied comorbidities (diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, chronic heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and malignancy) were significantly lower in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Also, the increase in absolute mortality rates associated with an increasing number of comorbidities was smaller in elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities are common in elderly patients who enter RRT, but the risk of death associated with comorbidities is less than in younger patients. This should be taken into account when assessing the prognosis of elderly RRT patients.

Temporal trends in the quality of deceased donor kidneys and kidney transplant outcomes in Europe: an analysis by the ERA-EDTA Registry.

BACKGROUND: We investigated 10-year trends in deceased donor kidney quality expressed as the kidney donor risk index (KDRI) and subsequent effects on survival outcomes in a European transplant population. METHODS: Time trends in the crude and standardized KDRI between 2005 and 2015 by recipient age, sex, diabetic status and country were examined in 24 177 adult kidney transplant recipients in seven European countries. We determined 5-year patient and graft survival probabilities and the risk of death and graft loss by transplant cohort (Cohort 1: 2005-06, Cohort 2: 2007-08, Cohort 3: 2009-10) and KDRI quintile. RESULTS: The median crude KDRI increased by 1.3% annually, from 1.31 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.08-1.63] in 2005 to 1.47 (IQR 1.16-1.90) in 2015. This increase, i.e. lower kidney quality, was driven predominantly by increases in donor age, hypertension and donation after circulatory death. With time, the gap between the median standardized KDRI in the youngest (18-44 years) and oldest (>65 years) recipients widened. There was no difference in the median standardized KDRI by recipient sex. The median standardized KDRI was highest in Austria, the Netherlands and the Basque Country (Spain). Within each transplant cohort, the 5-year patient and graft survival probability were higher for the lowest KDRIs. There was no difference in the patient and graft survival outcomes across transplant cohorts, however, over time the survival probabilities for the highest KDRIs improved. CONCLUSIONS: The overall quality of deceased donor kidneys transplanted between 2005 and 2015 has decreased and varies between age groups and countries. Overall patient and graft outcomes remain unchanged.

Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches.

Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecological and endocrinological diseases. Currently both myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins are well-tolerated, effective alternative candidates to the classical insulin sensitizers, and are useful treatments in preventing and treating metabolic and reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and male fertility disturbances, like sperm abnormalities. Moreover, besides metabolic activity, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins deeply influence steroidogenesis, regulating the pools of androgens and estrogens, likely in opposite ways. Given the complexity of inositol-related mechanisms of action, many of their beneficial effects are still under scrutiny. Therefore, continuing research aims to discover new emerging roles and mechanisms that can allow clinicians to tailor inositol therapy and to use it in other medical areas, hitherto unexplored. The present paper outlines the established evidence on inositols and updates on recent research, namely concerning D-chiro-Ins involvement into steroidogenesis. In particular, D-chiro-Ins mediates insulin-induced testosterone biosynthesis from ovarian thecal cells and directly affects synthesis of estrogens by modulating the expression of the aromatase enzyme. Ovaries, as well as other organs and tissues, are characterized by a specific ratio of myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins, which ensures their healthy state and proper functionality. Altered inositol ratios may account for pathological conditions, causing an imbalance in sex hormones. Such situations usually occur in association with medical conditions, such as PCOS, or as a consequence of some pharmacological treatments. Based on the physiological role of inositols and the pathological implications of altered myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins ratios, inositol therapy may be designed with two different aims: (1) restoring the inositol physiological ratio; (2) altering the ratio in a controlled way to achieve specific effects.

Performance of an easy-to-use prediction model for renal patient survival: an external validation study using data from the ERA-EDTA Registry.

Background: An easy-to-use prediction model for long-term renal patient survival based on only four predictors [age, primary renal disease, sex and therapy at 90 days after the start of renal replacement therapy (RRT)] has been developed in The Netherlands. To assess the usability of this model for use in Europe, we externally validated the model in 10 European countries. Methods: Data from the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry were used. Ten countries that reported individual patient data to the registry on patients starting RRT in the period 1995-2005 were included. Patients <16 years of age and/or with missing predictor variable data were excluded. The external validation of the prediction model was evaluated for the 10- (primary endpoint), 5- and 3-year survival predictions by assessing the calibration and discrimination outcomes. Results: We used a data set of 136 304 patients from 10 countries. The calibration in the large and calibration plots for 10 deciles of predicted survival probabilities showed average differences of 1.5, 3.2 and 3.4% in observed versus predicted 10-, 5- and 3-year survival, with some small variation on the country level. The concordance index, indicating the discriminatory power of the model, was 0.71 in the complete ERA-EDTA Registry cohort and varied according to country level between 0.70 and 0.75. Conclusions: A prediction model for long-term renal patient survival developed in a single country, based on only four easily available variables, has a comparably adequate performance in a wide range of other European countries.

Factors associating with differences in the incidence of renal replacement therapy among elderly: data from the ERA-EDTA Registry.

Background: The incidence of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the general population ≥75 years of age varies considerably between countries and regions in Europe. Our aim was to study characteristics and survival of elderly RRT patients and to find explanations for differences in RRT incidence. Methods: Patients ≥75 years of age at the onset of RRT in 2010-2013 from 29 national or regional registries providing data to the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry were included. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess variation in patient characteristics and linear regression was used to study the association between RRT incidence and various factors. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were employed for survival analyses. Results: The mean annual incidence of RRT in the age group ≥75 years of age ranged from 157 to 924 per million age-related population. The median age at the start of RRT was higher and comorbidities were less common in areas with higher RRT incidence, but overall the association between patient characteristics and RRT incidence was weak. The unadjusted survival was lower in high-incidence areas due to an older age at onset of RRT, but the adjusted survival was similar [relative risk 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.03)] in patients from low- and high-incidence areas. Conclusions: Variation in the incidence of RRT among the elderly across European countries and regions is remarkable and could not be explained by the available data. However, the survival of patients in low- and high-incidence areas was remarkably similar.

Effectiveness and safety of immunosuppressive regimens used as maintenance therapy in kidney transplantation: The CESIT study.

Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy used in kidney transplantation typically involves calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine, in combination with mycophenolate or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORi) with or without corticosteroids. An Italian retrospective multicentre observational study was conducted to investigate the risk-benefit profile of different immunosuppressive regimens. We identified all subjects who underwent kidney transplant between 2009 and 2019, using healthcare claims data. Patients on cyclosporine and tacrolimus-based therapies were matched 1:1 based on propensity score, and effectiveness and safety outcomes were compared using Cox models (HR; 95%CI). Analyses were also conducted comparing mTORi versus mycophenolate among tacrolimus-treated patients. Patients treated with cyclosporine had a higher risk of rejection or graft loss (HR:1.69; 95%CI:1.16-2.46) and a higher incidence of severe infections (1.25;1.00-1.55), but a lower risk of diabetes (0.66;0.47-0.91) compared to those treated with tacrolimus. Among tacrolimus users, mTORi showed non-inferiority to MMF in terms of mortality (1.01;0.68-1.62), reject/graft loss (0.61;0.36-1.04) and severe infections (0.76;0.56-1.03). In a real-life setting, tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapy appeared to be superior to cyclosporine in reducing rejection and severe infections, albeit with an associated increased risk of diabetes. The combination of tacrolimus and mTORi may represent a valid alternative to the combination with mycophenolate, although further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Diet Plus Inositols, α-Lactalbumin and Gymnema sylvestre: The Successful Combo to Restore Body Weight and Metabolic Profile in Obese and Dysmetabolic Patients.

The primary control of dysmetabolic patients is extremely challenging worldwide, with inadequate dietary habits and sporadic physical activity among the key risk factors for metabolic syndrome onset. Nowadays, there is no exclusive treatment for this condition, and considering that preventive measures usually fail, new therapeutic approaches need to be proposed and investigated. This present pilot study compared the effects of diet alone and in association with a combination of myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol in their 40:1 ratio, α-lactalbumin, and Gymnema sylvestre on different metabolic parameters in obese dysmetabolic patients. To this purpose, 37 patients with BMI between 30 and 40 and fasting blood glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL were divided into two groups: (i) the control group followed a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet, (ii) while the study group was also supplemented with a daily dosage of two sachets, each one containing 1950 mg myo-inositol, 50 mg d-chiro-inositol, 50 mg α-lactalbumin, and 250 mg Gymnema Sylvestre. After a 6-month treatment, all parameters improved in both groups. Nevertheless, the treated group experienced a greater improvement, especially concerning the variation from the baseline of HOMA index, triglycerides, BMI, body weight, and waist circumference. These findings support the supplementation with myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol in the 40:1 ratio, α-lactalbumin, and Gymnema sylvestre as a therapeutical strategy to potentiate the beneficial effects induced via dietary programs in dysmetabolic patients.

A Critical Perspective on the Supplementation of Akkermansia muciniphila: Benefits and Harms.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading bacterium of the intestinal niche, exerting beneficial effects on the host metabolic profile. Accumulating evidence indicated Akkermansia as a promising therapeutic probiotic against metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, in specific intestinal microenvironments, its excessive enrichment may be not beneficial. Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Salmonella typhimurium infection or post-antibiotic reconstitution may not benefit from Akkermansia supplementation. Furthermore, using Akkermansia in patients with endocrine and gynecological disorders-such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis-that have a higher risk of developing IBD, should be critically evaluated. In addition, a cautionary note comes from the neurological field, as the gut microbiota of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis exhibits a characteristic signature of Akkermansia municiphila abundance. Overall, considering these controversial points, the use of Akkermansia should be evaluated on an individual basis, avoiding risking unexpected effects.

Long-Lasting Therapies with High Doses of D-chiro-inositol: The Downside.

Background: Recent studies reported possible concerns following long-lasting treatments with high doses of D-chiro-inositol in women. However, to date, no clinical trial has investigated or validated these concerns. We addressed this issue both retrospectively and with a prospective pilot study. Methods: For the retrospective analysis, we searched our databases for insulin-resistant women who took 1200 mg/day D-chiro-inositol for 6 months. In our prospective study, we enrolled 10 healthy women to supplement with the same therapeutic scheme. We performed statistical analyses through the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Twenty women underwent 6 months of 1200 mg/day D-chiro-inositol. The treatment significantly decreased BMI, glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA-IR, serum levels of LH, total testosterone, and DHEAS. Serum estradiol rose and menstrual abnormalities occurred following the treatment. In our prospective study, we observed increases in serum levels of total testosterone and asprosin in healthy women. Conclusions: This is the first clinical evidence demonstrating that long-term treatments with high dosages of D-chiro-inositol can predispose women to hormonal and menstrual abnormalities. Moreover, the accumulation of D-chiro-inositol following such treatment regimen may lead to detrimental effects in non-reproductive tissues, as demonstrated by the increase in asprosin levels.

Using machine learning to predict antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients: the multicentre ORCHESTRA cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The study aim was to assess predictors of negative antibody response (AbR) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients after the first booster of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS: Solid organ transplant recipients receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were prospectively enrolled (March 2021-January 2022) at six hospitals in Italy and Spain. AbR was assessed at first dose (t0), second dose (t1), 3 ± 1 month (t2), and 1 month after third dose (t3). Negative AbR at t3 was defined as an anti-receptor binding domain titre <45 BAU/mL. Machine learning models were developed to predict the individual risk of negative (vs. positive) AbR using age, type of transplant, time between transplant and vaccination, immunosuppressive drugs, type of vaccine, and graft function as covariates, subsequently assessed using a validation cohort. RESULTS: Overall, 1615 SOT recipients (1072 [66.3%] males; mean age±standard deviation [SD], 57.85 ± 13.77) were enrolled, and 1211 received three vaccination doses. Negative AbR rate decreased from 93.66% (886/946) to 21.90% (202/923) from t0 to t3. Univariate analysis showed that older patients (mean age, 60.21 ± 11.51 vs. 58.11 ± 13.08), anti-metabolites (57.9% vs. 35.1%), steroids (52.9% vs. 38.5%), recent transplantation (<3 years) (17.8% vs. 2.3%), and kidney, heart, or lung compared with liver transplantation (25%, 31.8%, 30.4% vs. 5.5%) had a higher likelihood of negative AbR. Machine learning (ML) algorithms showing best prediction performance were logistic regression (precision-recall curve-PRAUC mean 0.37 [95%CI 0.36-0.39]) and k-Nearest Neighbours (PRAUC 0.36 [0.35-0.37]). DISCUSSION: Almost a quarter of SOT recipients showed negative AbR after first booster dosage. Unfortunately, clinical information cannot efficiently predict negative AbR even with ML algorithms.

The ERA Registry Annual Report 2020: a summary.

Background: The European Renal Association (ERA) Registry collects data on kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in patients with ESKD. This paper is a summary of the ERA Registry Annual Report 2020, also including comparisons among primary renal disease (PRD) groups. Methods: Data were collected from 52 national and regional registries from 34 European countries and countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea: 35 registries from 18 countries providing individual level data and 17 registries from 17 countries providing aggregated data. Using this data, KRT incidence and prevalence, kidney transplantation rates, expected remaining lifetimes and survival probabilities were calculated. Results: A general population of 654.9 million people was covered by the ERA Registry in 2020. The overall incidence of KRT was 128 per million population (p.m.p.). In incident KRT patients, 54% were older than 65 years, 63% were men and the most common PRD was diabetes mellitus (21%). Regarding initial treatment modality in incident patients, 85% received haemodialysis (HD), 11% received peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 4% received a pre-emptive kidney transplant. On 31 December 2020, the prevalence of KRT was 931 p.m.p. In prevalent patients, 45% were older than 65 years, 60% were men and glomerulonephritis was the most common PRD (18%). Of these patients, 58% were on HD, 5% on PD and 37% were living with a kidney transplant. The overall kidney transplantation rate in 2020 was 28 p.m.p., with a majority of kidney grafts from deceased donors (71%). The unadjusted 5-year survival, based on incident dialysis patient from 2011-15, was 41.8%. For patients having received a deceased donor transplant, the unadjusted 5-year survival probability was 86.2% and for patients having received a living donor transplant it was 94.4%. When comparing data by PRD group, differences were found regarding the distribution of age groups, sex and treatment modality received.

Survival in patients treated by long-term dialysis compared with the general population.

BACKGROUND: Relative survival, a methodology previously used in epidemiologic studies of cancer, compares the observed survival of a patient cohort with expected survival derived from general population life tables. We examined relative survival in patients treated by long-term dialysis in the Italian Dialysis and Transplantation Registry in order to determine the prognosis of dialysis patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study drawn from a registry. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Patients enrolled in the Italian Dialysis and Transplantation Registry. FACTORS: Sex, age, primary kidney disease, renal replacement therapy modality, and main comorbid conditions. OUTCOMES: Death from any cause. MEASUREMENTS: Relative survival ratio (the ratio of observed survival in the population of interest to the survival expected given the age- and period-specific mortality of the general population) and excess mortality rate (difference between observed and expected mortality rates). RESULTS: In January 2000 to December 2008, a total of 27,642 patients were included. The 5-year relative survival estimate was 55.6% (95% CI, 54.7%-56.5%). The excess mortality rate showed a peak at 3 months (21 deaths/100 patient-years), then decreased, becoming constant from the end of year 1 to year 8, with leveling off at about 10 deaths/100 patient-years. Older age, systemic diseases, and diabetes showed the strongest association with excess mortality. Peritoneal dialysis was associated with a lower relative excess risk in only the first year of treatment. LIMITATIONS: The patient cohort comprises about half the Italian patients beginning dialysis therapy in the period. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the applicability of relative survival methods in dialysis patients. This measure allows estimation of disease prognosis and severity comparisons among chronic diseases. The excess mortality rate appears to be a more sensitive and informative measure than the simple proportion of survivors.

[SIN census 2008: the management model]. / Censimento SIN 2008: il modello organizzativo.

This paper reports the analysis of the second part of the data obtained from the second SIN census and illustrates the management model of the Italian dialysis centers, highlighting its strengths but also its limits. The census was carried out between March and December 2008 with a webbased survey using fillable PDF forms. The survey was validated by comparing the data with those sent to the Italian Dialysis and Transplant Register (Registro Italiano di Dialisi e Trapianti, RIDT) and hence it refers to December 31, 2008, the date of the last RIDT report. Forty-two percent of dialysis centers, which altogether take care of 50% of Italian dialysis patients, participated in the census. The participation percentage was very variable among Italian regions (from 5% to 100% of dialysis centers). By excluding the three regions with a participation rate below 10%, the survey reached a participation rate of 68% of all Italian dialysis centers and is therefore sufficient to give an estimate of the Italian dialysis situation. However, because of this variability it was not possible to compare regional situations, and the data were evaluated only by analyzing the ''complex'' and ''simple'' dialysis centers separately. The state of affairs of dialysis in Italy on the whole proved to be complicated. It is striking, for example, that 15% of the ''complex'' dialysis centers do not have their own hospital beds and some of them lack traceability programs. Noteworthy are also the increasing use of central venous catheters and the number of patients that need an ambulance to get to the dialysis center. Despite its limits due to the reduced participation in the census, this work offers a fair description of the state of affairs of dialysis in Italy, where there is certainly space for qualitative improvement. First of all, however, every effort should be made to implement and improve the use of the existing structures and to standardize protocols and behaviors in all Italian dialysis centers.

Positive Effects of α-Lactalbumin in the Management of Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

To date, the involvement of α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) refers to its ability to improve intestinal absorption of natural molecules like inositols, overcoming the inositol resistance. However, due to its own aminoacidic building blocks, α-LA is involved in various biological processes that can open new additional applications. A great portion of women with PCOS exhibit gastrointestinal dysbiosis, which is in turn one of the triggering mechanisms of the syndrome. Due to its prebiotic effect, α-LA can recover dysbiosis, also improving the insulin resistance, obesity and intestinal inflammation frequently associated with PCOS. Further observations suggest that altered gut microbiota negatively influence mental wellbeing. Depressive mood and low serotonin levels are indeed common features of women with PCOS. Thanks to its content of tryptophan, which is the precursor of serotonin, and considering the strict link between gut and brain, using α-LA contributes to preserving mental well-being by maintaining high levels of serotonin. In addition, considering women with PCOS seeking pregnancy, both altered microbiota and serotonin levels can induce later consequences in the offspring. Therefore, a deeper knowledge of potential applications of α-LA is required to transition to preclinical and clinical studies extending its therapeutic advantages in PCOS.

Automated Prediction of Kidney Failure in IgA Nephropathy with Deep Learning from Biopsy Images.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Digital pathology and artificial intelligence offer new opportunities for automatic histologic scoring. We applied a deep learning approach to IgA nephropathy biopsy images to develop an automatic histologic prognostic score, assessed against ground truth (kidney failure) among patients with IgA nephropathy who were treated over 39 years. We assessed noninferiority in comparison with the histologic component of currently validated predictive tools. We correlated additional histologic features with our deep learning predictive score to identify potential additional predictive features. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Training for deep learning was performed with randomly selected, digitalized, cortical Periodic acid-Schiff-stained sections images (363 kidney biopsy specimens) to develop our deep learning predictive score. We estimated noninferiority using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in a randomly selected group (95 biopsy specimens) against the gold standard Oxford classification (MEST-C) scores used by the International IgA Nephropathy Prediction Tool and the clinical decision supporting system for estimating the risk of kidney failure in IgA nephropathy. We assessed additional potential predictive histologic features against a subset (20 kidney biopsy specimens) with the strongest and weakest deep learning predictive scores. RESULTS: We enrolled 442 patients; the 10-year kidney survival was 78%, and the study median follow-up was 6.7 years. Manual MEST-C showed no prognostic relationship for the endocapillary parameter only. The deep learning predictive score was not inferior to MEST-C applied using the International IgA Nephropathy Prediction Tool and the clinical decision supporting system (AUC of 0.84 versus 0.77 and 0.74, respectively) and confirmed a good correlation with the tubolointerstitial score (r=0.41, P<0.01). We observed no correlations between the deep learning prognostic score and the mesangial, endocapillary, segmental sclerosis, and crescent parameters. Additional potential predictive histopathologic features incorporated by the deep learning predictive score included (1) inflammation within areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and (2) hyaline casts. CONCLUSIONS: The deep learning approach was noninferior to manual histopathologic reporting and considered prognostic features not currently included in MEST-C assessment. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2022_07_26_CJN01760222.mp3.