Profiling the Extent and Location of Pain in Migraine and Cervicogenic Headache: A Cross-sectional Single-Site Observational Study.

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to quantify and compare the location and extent of pain in people with either episodic migraine, chronic migraine, or cervicogenic headache. A secondary aim was to examine the associations between pain extent and headache features, quality of life, and psychological distress for each headache type. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, single-site, observational study. SETTING: Headache outpatient clinic. SUBJECTS: From a sample of 390 patients, 114 patients with migraine or cervicogenic headache (48 episodic migraine, 30 chronic migraine, 36 cervicogenic headache) were eligible for the study. METHODS: Pain location and extent were determined using a novel approach for digital pain drawing acquisition and analysis. Headache features included intensity and history duration. Quality of life was measured using the SF-36 and psychological distress using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: Overall, pain was most frequently reported in the frontal and temporal regions in patients with either episodic or chronic migraine, whereas pain was most frequent in the suboccipital region in patients with cervicogenic headache. A larger pain extent was moderately correlated with higher headache intensity (rs = 0.53, P = 0.003) and poorer quality of life (rs ranged from -0.36 to -0.40, P < 0.05) in patients with chronic migraine, whereas pain extent was associated with longer headache duration in those with cervicogenic headache (rs = 0.35, P = 0.04). No correlation was found between pain extent and psychological features for any headache type (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite some differences, there was a large symptomatic overlap between headache types, highlighting the limitations of using pain location in the differential diagnosis of headache.

Clinical analysis of adult-onset spinocerebellar ataxias in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Non-ataxic symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) vary widely and often overlap with various types of SCAs. Duration and severity of the disease and genetic background may play a role in such phenotypic diversity. We conducted the study in order to study clinical characteristics of common SCAs in Thailand and the factors that may influence their phenotypes. METHODS: 131 (49.43%) out of 265 Thai ataxia families with cerebellar degeneration had positive tests for SCA1, SCA2, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) or SCA6. The study evaluated 83 available families including SCA1 (21 patients), SCA2 (15), MJD (39) and SCA6 (8). Comparisons of frequency of each non-ataxic sign among different SCA subtypes were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to analyze parameters in association with disease severity and size of CAG repeat. RESULTS: Mean ages at onset were not different among patients with different SCAs (40.31 ± 11.33 years, mean ± SD). Surprisingly, SCA6 patients often had age at onset and phenotypes indistinguishable from SCA1, SCA2 and MJD. Frequencies of ophthalmoparesis, nystagmus, hyperreflexia and areflexia were significantly different among the common SCAs, whilst frequency of slow saccade was not. In contrast to Caucasian patients, parkinsonism, dystonia, dementia, and facial fasciculation were uncommon in Thai patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that ophthalmoparesis (p < 0.001) and sensory impairment (p = 0.025) were associated with the severity of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: We described clinical characteristics of the 4 most common SCAs in Thailand accounting for almost 90% of familial spinocerebellar ataxias. There were some different observations compared to Caucasian patients including earlier age at onset of SCA6 and the paucity of extrapyramidal features, cognitive impairment and facial fasciculation. Severity of the disease, size of the pathological CAG repeat allele, genetic background and somatic heterogeneity of pathological alleles may influence clinical expressions of these common SCAs.

A Simplified Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital Newly-Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant cause of stroke, and newly diagnosed AF (NDAF) is typically detected in the early period of stroke onset. We aimed to identify the factors associated with in-hospital NDAF in acute ischemic stroke patients and developed a simplified clinical prediction model. Methods: Patients with cryptogenic stroke aged 18 years or older who were admitted between January 2017 and December 2021 were recruited. NDAF was determined by inpatient cardiac telemetry. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate the factors associated with in-hospital NDAF. The predictive model was developed using regression coefficients. Results: The study enrolled 244 eligible participants, of which 52 NDAFs were documented (21.31%), and the median time to detection was two days (1-3.5). After multivariable regression analysis, parameters significantly associated with in-hospital NDAF were elderly (>75 years) (adjusted Odds ratio, 2.99; 95% confident interval, 1.51-5.91; P = 0.002), female sex (2.08; 1.04-4.14; P = 0.04), higher admission national institute of health stroke scale (1.04; 1.00-1.09; P = 0.05), and presence of hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (2.33; 1.13-4.79; P = 0.02). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve resulted in 0.74 (95% CI 0.65-0.80), and the cut-point of 2 showed 87% sensitivity and 42% specificity. Conclusion: The validated and simplified risk scores for predicting in-hospital NDAF primarily rely on simplified parameters and high sensitivity. It might be used as a screening tool for in-hospital NDAF in stroke patients who initially presumed cryptogenic stroke.

Serum NT-proBNP level for predicting functional outcomes after acute ischemic stroke.

N-terminus pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been studied and recognized as a biomarker of cardiac thrombogenicity and stroke risk. However, the association between NT-proBNP and functional outcomes following acute ischemic stroke is still debated. This study aimed to investigate whether serum NT-proBNP level is associated with functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke individuals. This prospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke, and serum NT-proBNP levels were measured within 72 h. At 3 months, all patients were followed up for a modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of NT-proBNP on the primary outcome, in which a score of 3-6 was classified as an unfavorable functional outcome. Sixty-seven patients were enrolled in the study, and 23 (34.3%) patients were identified with an unfavorable functional outcome. Elevated serum NT-proBNP levels (> 100 pg/mL) were observed in 57 (85.1%) patients, and the Youden index demonstrated a cutpoint estimation of poor outcomes at 476 pg/mL with 74% sensitivity and 63% specificity. Multivariate regression analysis showed an elevation of NT-proBNP above the cutpoint level was an independent predictor for unfavorable functional outcomes, odds ratio 3.77, 95% confidence interval (1.04-13.62), P = 0.04. The present study demonstrated that elevated serum NT-proBNP levels were expected among acute ischemic stroke patients and represented the risk of unfavorable functional outcomes, suggesting that NT-proBNP might be a useful biomarker for predicting prognosis after ischemic stroke.