RESUMO
Parents' socialization of positive affect is relevant during adolescence, given that parents play a key role in the development of youth emotional competency. The current study hypothesized that parent characteristics (emotion regulation, belief that positive emotions are costly, and depressive symptoms) would be uniquely related to both dampening and enhancing responses to youth positive affect. Parents (n = 373) of adolescents (youth ages 10-17 years) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Parents reported on their own regulation of both positive and negative emotions, depressive symptoms, beliefs about youth emotions, and responses to adolescent expressions of positive affect. The final structural regression model partially supported the hypothesis with respect to parental dampening responses. Depressive symptoms, over-controlled emotion regulation, and beliefs about positive emotions each uniquely related to dampening. Only the coping emotion regulation strategies factor was uniquely associated with parents' enhancing responses. These findings support existing theories of parental emotion socialization, though the final model in this sample provides more insight into parental dampening than parental enhancing responses to positive affect. The finding that emotion regulation strategies (over-controlled and coping) were differentially related to parental responses to youth positive affect suggests a connection between parents' regulation of their own emotions and responses to their offspring's emotion expressions.
La socialización del afecto positivo de los padres es de interés durante la adolescencia, dado que los padres desempeñan un papel clave en el desarrollo de la competencia emocional de los jóvenes. En el presente estudio se planteó la hipótesis de que las características de los padres (la regulación emocional, la creencia de que las emociones positivas son perjudiciales, y los síntomas depresivos) estarían particularmente relacionadas tanto con respuestas atenuadoras como intensificadoras al afecto positivo de los jóvenes. Se convocó a padres (n = 373) de adolescentes (edades de los jóvenes: entre 10 y 17 años) mediante Amazon Mechanical Turk. Los padres informaron sobre su propia regulación de emociones positivas y negativas, síntomas depresivos, creencias acerca de las emociones de los jóvenes y respuestas a las expresiones de afecto positivo de los adolescentes. El modelo de regresión estructural final respaldó parcialmente la hipótesis con respecto a las respuestas de atenuación de los padres. Los síntomas depresivos, la regulación emocional sobrecontrolada y las creencias acerca de las emociones positivas se relacionan cada una particularmente con la atenuación. Solo el factor de afrontamiento de las estrategias de regulación emocional estuvo asociado particularmente con las respuestas intensificadoras de los padres. Estos resultados respaldan las teorías actuales de socialización emocional de los padres, aunque el modelo final de esta muestra profundiza más en las respuestas de atenuación parental que en las de intensificación parental al afecto positivo. El hallazgo de que las estrategias de regulación emocional (sobrecontroladas y de afrontamiento) se relacionaron de manera diferente con las respuestas de los padres al afecto positivo de los jóvenes indica una conexión entre la regulación de los padres de sus propias emociones y las respuestas a las expresiones emocionales de sus hijos.
Assuntos
Regulação Emocional , Adolescente , Criança , Depressão/psicologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Humanos , Pais/psicologia , SocializaçãoRESUMO
In this systematic review, we examined the evidence for an adolescent emotion recognition-awareness vulnerability to depression. The current review provided a qualitative synthesis of the emotion recognition (26 studies) and emotion awareness (38 studies) literatures for adolescent depression and was grounded within the framework of affective social competence (Halberstadt et al. in Soc Dev 10:79-119, 2001). It was hypothesized that deficits or difficulties in recognizing emotions in others and in being aware of emotions within the self would increase vulnerability to depression for adolescents. There was limited evidence to support a general emotion recognition vulnerability due to heterogeneous research designs and inconsistencies across studies; however, three emerging trends in specific recognition deficits associated with adolescent depression were identified: sensitivity to sadness, under-perceiving happiness, and over-perceiving anger. In contrast, there was robust support for an emotion awareness vulnerability to depression from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and longitudinal onset studies. When recognition and awareness are considered together, this review indicated that deficits in emotion awareness may exacerbate difficulties with emotion recognition during stressful or emotionally evocative contexts. This review highlighted the need for future investigations into emotion recognition and emotion awareness deficits in relation to adolescent depression using methodological innovations and longitudinal, clinical designs.
Assuntos
Depressão/fisiopatologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Facial/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Psicológico/fisiologia , Percepção Social , Habilidades Sociais , HumanosRESUMO
The current study investigated the utility and validity of a computerized "depression" module of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Second version (MMPI-2), with and without sequential testing rules, with a college student sample. Participants completed one of three MMPI-2 test-retest administrations (i.e., conventional-conventional, conventional-module, or conventional-sequential module) as well as 15 criterion measures across two testing sessions exactly 1 week apart. The findings pointed to statistically significant and clinically meaningful time-savings in administering selected MMPI-2 scales (for both full-length and variable-length versions). Criterion measures rationally selected to represent similar (depression, anhedonia, anxiety) and dissimilar (behavioral, thought, and somatic dysfunction) psychological constructs were administered to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the depression module. The criterion correlations suggested minimal differences in discriminant and convergent validity across administration modes, suggesting limited to no impact of administering targeted MMPI-2 scales in terms of construct validity.