Role of medullary astroglial glutamine synthesis in tooth pulp hypersensitivity associated with frequent masseter muscle contraction.

Background The mechanisms underlying tooth pulp hypersensitivity associated with masseter muscle hyperalgesia remain largely underinvestigated. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether masseter muscle contraction induced by daily electrical stimulation influences the mechanical head-withdrawal threshold and genioglossus electromyography activity caused by the application of capsaicin to the upper first molar tooth pulp. We further investigated whether astroglial glutamine synthesis is involved in first molar tooth pulp hypersensitivity associated with masseter muscle contraction. Methods The first molar tooth pulp was treated with capsaicin or vehicle in masseter muscle contraction or sham rats, following which the astroglial glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine or Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was applied. Astroglial activation was assessed via immunohistochemistry. Results The mechanical head-withdrawal threshold of the ipsilateral masseter muscle was significantly decreased in masseter muscle contraction rats than in sham rats. Genioglossus electromyography activity was significantly higher in masseter muscle contraction rats than sham rats. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cell density was significantly higher in masseter muscle contraction rats than in sham rats. Administration of methionine sulfoximine induced no significant changes in the density of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cells relative to PBS treatment. However, mechanical head-withdrawal threshold was significantly higher in masseter muscle contraction rats than PBS-treated rats after methionine sulfoximine administration. Genioglossus electromyography activity following first molar tooth pulp capsaicin treatment was significantly lower in methionine sulfoximine-treated rats than in PBS-treated rats. In the ipsilateral region, the total number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase immunoreactive cells in the medullary dorsal horn was significantly smaller upon first molar tooth pulp capsaicin application in methionine sulfoximine-treated rats than in PBS-treated rats. Conclusions Our results suggest that masseter muscle contraction induces astroglial activation, and that this activation spreads from caudal to the obex in the medullary dorsal horn, resulting in enhanced neuronal excitability associated with astroglial glutamine synthesis in medullary dorsal horn neurons receiving inputs from the tooth pulp. These findings provide significant insight into the mechanisms underlying tooth pulp hypersensitivity associated with masseter muscle contraction.

Bactericidal effect of hydroxyl radicals generated by the sonolysis and photolysis of hydrogen peroxide for endodontic applications.

The aim of endodontic root canal treatment is the elimination of bacteria and their products from an infected tooth root canal. To effectively disinfect a root canal, an ultrasonic irrigation system, in which hydroxyl radicals (HO·) generated artificially by sonolysis of H2O2, was developed previously for endodontic applications and was demonstrated to have bactericidal efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis. To improve this system, we examined the in vitro bactericidal effects of HO· generated from H2O2, activated by simultaneous irradiation with ultrasound for sonolysis and dental LED light for photolysis with a peak wavelength of 405 nm. Regarding the LED irradiation, two methods were used: (i) 'ideal' experimental conditions (irradiation close to the glass tube), and (ii) simulated endodontic conditions (more distant irradiation of a masked glass tube). In these conditions, HO· generation from H2O2 was detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and bactericidal efficacy against E. faecalis was assessed by measuring the colony forming units (CFU)/mL. The results indicated that HO· generation by ESR measurements and the bactericidal effect on E. faecalis by viable count using CFU/mL were enhanced significantly in a time-dependent manner in both conditions. In a comparison of these conditions, bactericidal activity under 'ideal' experimental conditions was similar to that under simulated endodontic conditions. Moreover, the irradiation time for effective killing of E. faecalis through the sonolysis and photolysis of H2O2 under simulated endodontic conditions was shorter than that with sonolysis alone. These results demonstrate that H2O2 activated by ultrasound and LED light may be a safe and effective disinfection technique for endodontic root canal treatment.

Bactericidal effect of hydroxyl radicals generated from a low concentration hydrogen peroxide with ultrasound in endodontic treatment.

One approach to enhance the disinfection of root canals in endodontic treatment is ultrasonic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. Reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radical, are generated by biological defense systems to kill invading bacteria. Ultrasonic irrigation with hydrogen peroxide may be a promising option to increase hydroxyl radical generation. We examined the bactericidal effects of hydroxyl radical generated from low concentration hydrogen peroxide with ultrasound in vitro. An ultrasonic tip was submerged in 0.5 or 1.0 M hydrogen peroxide in a microfuge tube. hydrogen peroxide was irradiated with the ultrasound, the tip of which was maintained centered in the tube to mimic ultrasonic irrigation. Hydroxyl radical generation was assessed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, Enterococcus faecalis suspension in hydrogen peroxide was prepared and irradiated as described above. Bactericidal effects were assessed by viable counting. Electron spin resonance measurements showed that hydroxyl radical generation increased significantly in a time- and dose-dependent manner (two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test, p<0.05). Moreover, the bactericidal effects of hydrogen peroxide against Enterococcus faecalis were enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ultrasonic irrigation in the presence of low concentration hydrogen peroxide can serve as a disinfection strategy in endodontic treatment.

Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in trigeminal ganglion neurons contributes tongue-referred pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the mechanisms underlying tongue-referred pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. METHOD: Using mechanical and temperature stimulation following dental surgery, we have demonstrated that dental inflammation and hyperalgesia correlates with increased immunohistochemical staining of neurons for TLR4 and HSP70. RESULTS: Mechanical or heat hyperalgesia significantly enhanced in the ipsilateral tongue at 1 to 9 days after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) application to the left lower molar tooth pulp compared with that of sham-treated or vehicle-applied rats. The number of fluorogold (FG)-labeled TLR4-immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly larger in CFA-applied rats compared with sham-treated or vehicle-applied rats to the molar tooth. The number of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70-IR neurons in trigeminal ganglion (TG) was significantly increased on day 3 after CFA application compared with sham-treated or vehicle-applied rats to the molar tooth. About 9.2% of TG neurons were labeled with DiI applied to the molar tooth and FG injected into the tongue, and 15.4% of TG neurons were labeled with FG injected into the tongue and Alexa-labeled Hsp70-IR applied to the tooth. Three days after Hsp70 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) application to the tooth in naive rats, mechanical or heat hyperalgesia was significantly enhanced compared with that of saline-applied rats. Following successive LPS-RS, an antagonist of TLR4, administration to the TG for 3 days, the enhanced mechanical or heat hyperalgesia was significantly reversed compared with that of saline-injected rats. Noxious mechanical responses of TG neurons innervating the tongue were significantly higher in CFA-applied rats compare with sham rats to the tooth. Hsp70 mRNA levels of the tooth pulp and TG were not different between CFA-applied rats and sham rats. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings indicate that Hsp70 transported from the tooth pulp to TG neurons or expressed in TG neurons is released from TG neurons innervating inflamed tooth pulp, and is taken by TG neurons innervating the tongue, suggesting that the Hsp70-TLR4 signaling in TG plays a pivotal role in tongue-referred pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation.

Assessing qualitative changes in simulated periodontal ligament and alveolar bone using a non-contact electromagnetic vibration device.

The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of a non-contact electromagnetic vibration device to assess a simulated periodontal ligament and alveolar bone conditions in experimental tooth models by applying mechanical parameters (resonant frequency, elastic modulus, and coefficient of viscosity). The non-contact electromagnetic vibration device was made up of three components: vibrator, detector, and analyzer. The experimental tooth model consisted of a cylindrical rod made of polyacetal, a tissue conditioner for soft lining material, and urethane or urethane foam to simulate the tooth, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, respectively. The tissue conditioner was prepared by mixing various volumes of liquid with powder. Periotest values (PTVs) were also measured under the same conditions as those of the non-contact electromagnetic vibration device. All of the mechanical parameters derived from the non-contact electromagnetic vibration device significantly decreased as the proportion of liquid increased. Values for the three parameters of the urethane models were significantly larger than those of the urethane foam models. In contrast, PTVs increased significantly as the proportion of liquid increased; however, no significant difference was observed between the urethane and urethane foam models. The non-contact electromagnetic vibration device may be capable of evaluating not only periodontal ligament conditions but also bone quality. Mechanical parameters may be useful for assessing qualitative changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.

Novel approach for transient protein expression in primary cultures of human dental pulp-derived cells.

Transfection is a powerful method for investigating variable biological functions of desired genes. However, the efficiency of transfection into primary cultures of dental pulp-derived cells (DPDC) is low. Therefore, using a recombinant vaccinia virus (vTF7-3), which contains T7 RNA polymerase, we have established a transient protein expression system in DPDCs. In this study, we used the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) cDNA as a model gene. pIgR expression by the vTF7-3 expression system was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. Furthermore, exogenous pIgR protein localized at the cell surface in DPDCs and formed a secretory component (SC). This suggests that exogenous pIgR protein expressed by the vTF7-3 expression system acts like endogenous pIgR protein. These results indicate the applicability of the method for cells outgrown from dental pulp tissue. In addition, as protein expression could be detected shortly after transfection (approximately 5h), this experimental system has been used intensely for experiments examining very early steps in protein exocytosis.

A no-contact vibration device for measuring implant stability.

OBJECTIVES: Monitoring implant stability is an important factor in determining the long-term success rate of implants. Periotest values and resonance frequency analysis have been widely used for this purpose, but these indicators mainly reflect the mobility and/or stability of implants. Thus, a no-contact electromagnetic vibration device was developed and tested for monitoring both tooth mobility and periodontal tissue conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a no-contact electromagnetic vibration device to measure implant stability under various peri-implant conditions using mechanical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The device consisted of three components: the vibrator, detector, and analyzer. The mechanical parameters resonant frequency, elastic modulus, and coefficient of viscosity were used to measure simulated atrophic bone defects in periodontal tissues. RESULTS: The resonant frequency and the elastic modulus increased with an increase in supporting bone height. In contrast, the coefficient of viscosity decreased with bone height. Values for the three parameters for the formed urethane models were lower than those for the urethane models. CONCLUSIONS: A no-contact electromagnetic vibration device may be capable of monitoring implant stability, and mechanical parameters may be useful for assessing the condition of periodontal tissues around implants.

Extracellular glucose-dependent IPSC enhancement by leptin in fast-spiking to pyramidal neuron connections via JAK2-PI3K pathway in the rat insular cortex.

Leptin is produced in the adipocytes and plays a pivotal role in regulation of energy balance by controlling appetite and metabolism. Leptin receptors are widely distributed in the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and neocortex. The insular cortex (IC) processes gustatory and visceral information, which functionally correlate to feeding behavior. However, it is still an open issue whether and how leptin modulates IC neural activities. Our paired whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using IC slice preparations demonstrated that unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) but not uEPSCs were potentiated by leptin in the connections between pyramidal (PNs) and fast-spiking neurons (FSNs). The leptin-induced increase in uIPSC amplitude was accompanied by a decrease in paired-pulse ratio. Under application of inhibitors of JAK2-PI3K but not MAPK pathway, leptin did not change uIPSC amplitude. Variance-mean analysis revealed that leptin increased the release probability but not the quantal size and the number of release site. These electrophysiological findings suggest that the leptin-induced uIPSC increase is mediated by activation of JAK2-PI3K pathway in presynaptic FSNs. An in vivo optical imaging revealed that leptin application decreased excitatory propagation in IC induced by electrical stimulation of IC. These leptin-induced effects were not observed under the low energy states: low glucose concentration (2.5 mM) in vitro and one-day-fasting condition in vivo. However, leptin enhanced uIPSCs under application of low glucose with an AMPK inhibitor. These results suggest that leptin suppresses IC excitation by facilitating GABA release in FSN→PN connections, which may not occur under a hunger state.

Singlet oxygen generated by a new nonthermal atmospheric pressure air plasma device exerts a bactericidal effect on oral pathogens.

Oral diseases generally have certain bacteria associated with them. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAP), generated at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, incorporates several molecules, including reactive oxygen species, that can inactivate various bacteria including oral pathogens. For this reason, several NTAP devices have been developed to treat oral diseases. Use of noble gases can enhance the bactericidal efficacy of NTAP, but this requires additional gas supply equipment. Therefore, a new NTAP device that employs ambient air as the working gas was developed. The device generates non-thermal atmospheric pressure air plasma. Here, the singlet oxygen (1O2) levels generated, their bactericidal effects on oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis), and the bacterial oxidative stress they imposed were measured. 1O2 generation in phosphatebuffered saline was assessed qualitatively using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and bactericidal efficacy was evaluated by counting of colony-forming units/mL. Bacterial oxidative stress was determined by measurement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. ESR indicated that the level of 1O2 increased significantly and time-dependently, and was inversely correlated with distance, but the bactericidal effects were correlated only with treatment time (not distance) as H2O2 increased and SOD levels decreased, suggesting that the new device has potential applicability for treatment of oral disease.

Bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of acid-electrolyzed functional water.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used as an antimicrobial irrigant; however, it has cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects. For these reasons, development of new, safe irrigants other than NaOCl is long overdue. In the present study, the antimicrobial and noxious effects of acid-electrolyzed functional water (FW) were evaluated and compared with those of NaOCl. Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, or Candida albicans were mixed with each tested solution for 30 s. The mixtures were then plated on brain-heart infusion agar plates, after which colony numbers were counted. Serially diluted acid FW was used to determine the actual chloride concentration (ACC) required for a bactericidal effect. Noxious effects were evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase released from HeLa cells. Acid FW and NaOCl had similar bactericidal effects against all bacterial species but not against C. albicans. An ACC of at least 10 ppm was required in order to ensure effective bacteriocidal activity and induce significant lactate dehydrogenase release. Acid FW-treated HeLa cells exhibited healthy growth, with slight retardation as compared with non-treated cells. Because of its efficient bactericidal, and less noxious, effects on human cells, acid FW may be a useful irrigant for effective root canal treatment.

Ultrashort sintered porous-surfaced dental implants used to replace posterior teeth.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective multicenter report provides data from a case series of partially edentulous subjects treated with an ultrashort (5-mm-long) sintered porous-surfaced (SPS) dental implant. METHODS: The implant used had a tapered truncated cone shape, was 5-mm long, and had a maximal coronal diameter of 5 mm. Twenty-six implants were placed in 20 subjects to replace primarily maxillary and mandibular molar teeth. Submerged primary healing was used. Nine implants were restored with single crowns, one carried a single cantilever, and the remaining 16 implants were part of fixed implant-supported bridges, generally as the most distal abutment. RESULTS: After functional periods of 1 to 8 years, two maxillary implants failed, giving maxillary and mandibular failure rates of 14.3% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this case series suggest that an SPS, press-fit, tapered dental implant with a length of 5 mm and a maximal coronal diameter of 5 mm should be investigated further as a solution for the management of highly resorbed posterior sites in partial edentulism, particularly in the mandible.

Profiling of radicular cyst and odontogenic keratocyst cytokine production suggests common growth mechanisms.

The aim of this study was to compare the cytokine expression profiles of cyst fluids (CFs) and tissue culture supernatants (SUPs) from 7 radicular cysts (RCs) and 7 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) by using Human Cytokine Antibody Array to identify the specific cytokines involved in formation and expansion of RCs and OKCs, respectively. There were significant differences in relative expression levels of IL-1 beta, MCP1, MIP1 beta, FGF-9, GDNF, HGF, IGFBP-3, Ang, IP-10, MIF, OPG, and TGF-beta2 between RC-CF and OKC-CF (P < .05). On the other hand, the cytokine expression patterns of RC-SUP (HGF, IL-8, NAP-2, IL-6, TIMP-1 and 2, GRO, IP-10, and Ang) were similar to those of OKC-SUP. Only the relative expression level of GRO differed between RC-SUP and OKC-SUP (P < .05). The similarities of cytokine production by tissue cultures derived from RC and OKC indicate that the expansion mechanisms of RC and OKC might involve similar biologic mechanisms other than infection.

Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal pulpal walls in relation to age and tooth area.

A study was conducted to observe the surface morphological changes of human dentinal pulpal walls in specific areas of the tooth at various ages. Thirty-two extracted human non-carious teeth with single root canals were used. The teeth were divided longitudinally in the bucco-lingual plane and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specimens were divided into two groups (younger and older) according to age. Four central sites of the dentinal pulpal wall, including coronal, cervical, mid-root and apical sections, were selected as specific locations. Under the conditions of this study, six basic types of SEM appearance at dentinal pulpal wall surfaces were identified on the basis of calcospherite shape and mineralization. The appearance of the calcospherites varied according to tooth age and location along the dentinal pulpal walls.

Expression of silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) in periapical granulomas.

Silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) inhibits oxidative injury and has anti-inflammatory effects. SIRT1 may be involved in healing of periapical periodontitis; however, SIRT1 expression in periapical periodontitis lesions has not been investigated. This study evaluated SIRT1 expression and a marker of oxidative stress-8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-in periapical granulomas. First, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine whether U-937 monocytes express SIRT1. U-937 cells treated with the SIRT1 activator resveratrol exhibited the highest SIRT1 mRNA level after 6-h incubation. By contrast, treating cells with the SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol returned SIRT1 expression level to that of the control. In addition, immunocytochemical analysis using cytospin specimens showed that U-937 cells co-expressed SIRT1 and Ki-67. Dual-color immunofluorescence imaging showed that round cells in periapical granulomas co-expressed SIRT1 and 8-OHdG; however, neither was expressed in healthy gingival tissues. The number of 8-OHdG-expressing cells was significantly greater than the number of SIRT1-expressing cells. Our findings suggest that macrophages express SIRT1 and that wound healing in periapical granulomas is enhanced by a SIRT1-mediated reduction in the level of oxidative stress.

Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel expression in orofacial cutaneous hypersensitivity following tooth pulp inflammation.

A study was conducted to evaluate the mechanisms underlying ectopic orofacial pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation in rats. We observed a significant decrease in the head withdrawal threshold (HWT) response to mechanical and heat stimuli applied to the ipsilateral facial skin upon application of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to the upper first molar (M1TP) in comparison to application of vehicle. A large number of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons showed transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) immunoreactivity (IR), and some of them were retrogradely labeled with fluorogold injected into the facial skin. A large number of cells showing IR for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were observed in the 2nd compared to the 1st or 3rd branch regions of the TG, and TG cells innervating the facial skin were also surrounded by GFAP-IR cells. After administration of TRPV1 antagonist into the facial skin of M1TP CFA-treated rats, the decrease of HWTs in response to mechanical and heat stimulation of the facial skin was significantly reversed. The present findings suggest that the excitability of TG neurons is enhanced upon tooth pulp inflammation, leading to overexpression of TRPV1 in TG neurons innervating the facial skin, and that satellite glial cells are also activated, resulting in the development of ectopic orofacial pain.

Connexin 43 expression in satellite glial cells contributes to ectopic tooth-pulp pain.

Pulpitis often causes referred pain in opposing teeth. However, the precise mechanism underlying ectopic pain associated with tooth-pulp inflammation remains unclear. We performed the present study to test the hypothesis that functional interactions between satellite glial cells (SGCs) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons are involved in ectopic orofacial pain associated with tooth-pulp inflammation. Digastric muscle electromyograph (D-EMG) activity elicited by administration of capsaicin into the upper second molar pulp (U2) was analyzed to evaluate noxious reflex responses. D-EMG activity was significantly increased in rats with lower first molar (L1) inflammation relative to saline-treated rats. Significantly increased expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), a marker of activated glial cells, and connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap-junction protein, was observed in activated SGCs surrounding U2-innervating TG-neurons after L1-pulp inflammation. Daily administration of Gap26, a Cx43-inhibiting mimetic peptide, into the TG significantly suppressed capsaicin-induced D-EMG activity enhancement and reduced the percentage of fluorogold-labeled (U2-innervated) cells that were surrounded by GFAP-immunoreactive (IR) and Cx43-IR cells after L1-pulp inflammation. These findings indicate that tooth-pulp inflammation induces SGC activation and subsequent spread of SGC activation in the TG via Cx43-containing gap junctions. Thus, remote neuron excitability becomes enhanced in the TG following tooth-pulp inflammation, resulting in ectopic tooth-pulp pain in the contralateral tooth.

Microcomputed tomographic evaluation of techniques for warm gutta-percha obturation.

Transparent epoxy resin root canal models were used to evaluate vertical condensation techniques for obturating lateral canals. The root canal model was configured with a straight main root canal and four right-angled lateral canals at 1.0 and 3.0 mm from the apex. Root canal obturation was performed with Thermafil, Obtura II, or NT condenser. Obturation volume in lateral canals was measured by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography, and one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze differences between groups. Lateral canals at 1.0 and 3.0 mm were uniformly filled by all obturation methods. Among the three obturation methods, Thermafil resulted in the highest obturation volumes for all lateral canals.

Expression of the Forkhead box transcription factor Foxo3a in human periapical granulomas.

It has been reported that Forkhead box transcription factor class O3a (Foxo3a) is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by bone resorption, and plays a role in its pathology. However, it has remained unclear whether Foxo3a is involved in the pathogenesis of periapical granulomas. The present study was performed to compare the expression of Foxo3a in periapical granulomas and healthy gingival tissues. Samples were obtained surgically from patients, and subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining for histopathologic diagnosis. Two-color immunofluorescence staining was also performed using antibodies against Foxo3a and markers for three types of inflammatory cells: neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. This revealed that Foxo3a was expressed in all three cell types in periapical granulomas but not in healthy gingival tissues. Foxo3a was expressed in 82.1%, 78.3%, and 77.5% of neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, respectively, and statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Steel-Dwass test showed no significant difference of Foxo3a expression among the three cell types. Our results suggest that Foxo3a transcription factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of periapical granulomas.

Ablation of C-fibers decreases quantal size of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the insular cortex.

The primary sensory cortex exhibits neuroplastic changes responding to sensory disturbances, and GABAergic synaptic transmission plays a critical role in the regulation of plasticity. The insular cortex (IC) integrates orofacial nociceptive signals conveyed via myelinated Aδ- and unmyelinated C-fibers. However, it has been unknown whether a disturbance of nociceptive inputs, such as a deletion of the peripheral nerves, alters GABAergic local circuit in IC. The present study elucidated GABAergic synaptic transmission in the model rat whose C-fibers were ablated by capsaicin injection 1-2 days after birth. In vivo optical imaging revealed that capsaicin-treated rats showed a facilitative excitatory propagation in IC responding to dental pulp stimulation. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from pyramidal neurons (Pyr) demonstrated that capsaicin-treated rats showed the smaller amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) than sham-treated rats without changing the frequency. Furthermore, replacement of extracellular Ca2+ to Sr2+, which induces an asynchronous release of neurotransmitters in the quantal size, induced a smaller amplitude of asynchronous unitary IPSCs recorded from fast-spiking GABAergic interneuron to Pyr connections in capsaicin-treated rats than sham-treated rats. These results suggest that capsaicin treatment depresses IPSCs via a postsynaptic mechanism. To confirm this possibility, the variance-mean analysis of unitary IPSCs was employed and we found that quantal size of GABAergic synaptic transmission was smaller in capsaicin-treated rats than in sham-treated rats. These results suggest that ablation of C-fibers induces plastic changes in GABAergic synaptic transmission by decreasing postsynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated conductance, which is a possible mechanism of the facilitative excitation in IC of capsaicin-treated rats.

Involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor in mineral trioxide aggregate-induced osteogenic gene expression in murine MC3T3-E1 cells.

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has excellent biocompatibility as well as bioactivity, including an ability to induce osteoblast differentiation. We examined the effects of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) on osteogenic gene expression induced by MTA. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with or without (control) MTA. The expression levels of Runx2, type I collagen, and CaSR genes were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and their products were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The levels were increased significantly in cells exposed to MTA compared with control. Next, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with MTA and EGTA (a calcium chelator), because calcium ions were released continuously from MTA into the culture. Expression levels were decreased to control levels by MTA plus EGTA. NPS2143 (a CaSR antagonist) also reduced MTA-induced gene expression. These results suggest that MTA induced osteogenic gene expressions of Runx2 and type I collagen via CaSR in MC3T3-E1 cells.