Systemic structural gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce: theoretical lenses for gender analysis, multi-country evidence and implications for implementation and HRH policy.

This commentary brings together theory, evidence and lessons from 15 years of gender and HRH analyses conducted in health systems in six WHO regions to address selected data-related aspects of WHO's 2016 Global HRH Strategy and 2022 Working for Health Action Plan. It considers useful theoretical lenses, multi-country evidence and implications for implementation and HRH policy. Systemic, structural gender discrimination and inequality encompass widespread but often masked or invisible patterns of gendered practices, interactions, relations and the social, economic or cultural background conditions that are entrenched in the processes and structures of health systems (such as health education and employment institutions) that can create or perpetuate disadvantage for some members of a marginalized group relative to other groups in society or organizations. Context-specific sex- and age-disaggregated and gender-descriptive data on HRH systems' dysfunctions are needed to enable HRH policy planners and managers to anticipate bottlenecks to health workforce entry, flows and exit or retention. Multi-method approaches using ethnographic techniques reveal rich contextual detail. Accountability requires that gender and HRH analyses measure SDGs 3, 4, 5 and 8 targets and indicators. To achieve gender equality in paid work, women also need to achieve equality in unpaid work, underscoring the importance of SDG target 5.4. HRH policies based on principles of substantive equality and nondiscrimination are effective in countering gender discrimination and inequality. HRH leaders and managers can make the use of gender and HRH evidence a priority in developing transformational policy that changes the actual conditions and terms of health workers' lives and work for the better. Knowledge translation and intersectoral coalition-building are also critical to effectiveness and accountability. These will contribute to social progress, equity and the realization of human rights, and expand the health care workforce. Global HRH strategy objectives and UHC and SDG goals will more likely be realized.

Hair-on-End Sign in a 9-Year-Old Girl Presenting with Acute Stroke in Sickle Cell Disease.

BACKGROUND: The hair-on-end (HOE) sign is a rare finding seen in the diploic space on skull radiographs, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the appearance of long, thin vertical striations of calcified spicules perpendicular to the bone surface that looks like hair standing on end. It is classically seen in children/adolescents with hemolytic anemias, in particular, thalassemia major and sickle cell disease. Here, we present a 9-year-old Ugandan girl who presented with stroke in whom head CT demonstrated cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage and multiple infarcts on the left with HOE sign. Hb electrophoresis confirmed the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. CASE SUMMARY: We present a 9-year-old Ugandan girl who presented with an unexplained stroke that preceded an episode of acute headache, vomiting, followed by focal convulsions and altered consciousness. Clinical findings revealed severe pallor of the conjunctivae and mild scleral icterus. CT demonstrated right cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage, multiple high cerebral infarcts on the right and evidence of extra medullary hematopoiesis with a classical HOE sign. Hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis confirmed sickle cell disease (SCD). The child was then initiated on hydroxyurea, antibiotics, analgesics and intravenous fluids. She improved and was discharged 16 days later. Follow-up of the child was uneventful. CONCLUSION: HOE sign is a complication of chronic hemolysis usually seen in patients with thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. It is a rare finding that clinicians should be well conversant with, especially in Africa where sickle cell disease is common.

Urinary bladder cavernous hemangioma in a 3-year-old: A rare case report.

Cavernous hemangioma (CH) of urinary bladder occurs relatively infrequently, accounting for 0.6% of all bladder tumors. This tumor may occur sporadically or coexist with other benign and malignant vascular lesions. In this report, we present a rare case of CH in a 3-year-old Ugandan girl. A 3-year-old girl was referred to Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) for urological evaluation following a 3-year history of intravaginal swelling, dysuria, and heavy hematuria resulting in anemia. Imaging was consistent with polypoid bladder mass arising from the bladder trigone. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was suspected based on clinical eyeballing. She was worked up for chemotherapy and received 26 cycles of vincristine sulfate, actinomycin-d, and cyclophosphamide (VAC). Biopsy and fulguration were performed after optimizing the patient. Histopathology confirmed CH. The surgery was uneventful and resulted in complete cure. CH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of childhood genitourinary masses. It is a rare entity in the real-life clinical practice and therefore can be overlooked. Excision biopsy and histology should be performed before initiating the patients to chemotherapy. CH is very insensitive to chemotherapy and therefore surgery maybe adequate in resource-limited settings.

Data on antimicrobial use in livestock: Lessons from Uganda.

In 2016, the General Assembly of the United Nations recognised inappropriate Antimicrobial Use (AMU) in livestock as one of the leading causes of increasing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). This is happening at a time when livestock production is expected to increase dramatically particularly in Africa, in response to the large rise in aggregate demand due to population growth, urbanisation and increasing income levels. Therefore, understanding the characteristics and appropriateness of AMU in livestock in this region is of utmost importance, yet data is seldom available. We propose to collect information on AMU in livestock by including related questions in nationally representative agricultural surveys that are carried out regularly (annually or every 2-3 years) by National Statistical Offices. This approach, with its limitation though, is a viable and cost-effective way to gather essential information on AMU in livestock farming. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) piloted the introduction of key AMU questions in the Annual Agricultural Survey (AAS), gathering data from 6 thousand agricultural households nation-wide. Results show that AMU is considerable among livestock keeping households (35%), who use antibiotics not only for curative treatment (~58%) but also for disease prevention (~44%) and growth promotion (~5%). Data from the AAS also allows users to explore linkages between antibiotics use, livestock production practices (e.g. herd composition and size, feeding, breeding techniques, etc.) and other household / farm characteristics (e.g. location, education, household size, etc.), thereby effectively informing policy decisions.

Sanitation practices and perceptions in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya: Comparing the status quo with a novel service-based approach.

Globally, an estimated 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation. Unimproved sanitation increases the risk of morbidity and mortality, especially in protracted refugee situations where sanitation is based on pit latrine use. Once the pit is full, waste remains in the pit, necessitating the construction of a new latrine, straining available land and funding resources. A viable, sustainable solution is needed. This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to design, implement, and pilot a novel sanitation system in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya. An initial round of 12 pre-implementation focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with Dinka and Somali residents to understand sanitation practices, perceptions, and needs. FGDs and a supplementary pre-implementation survey informed the development of an innovative sanitation management system that incorporated the provision of urine and liquid-diverting toilets, which separate urine and fecal waste, and a service-based sanitation system that included weekly waste collection. The new system was implemented on a pilot scale for 6 weeks. During the implementation, bi-weekly surveys were administered in each study household to monitor user perceptions and challenges. At the end of the pilot, the sanitation system was assessed using a second round of four post-implementation FGDs. Those who piloted the new sanitation system reported high levels of user satisfaction. Reported benefits included odor reduction, insect/pest reduction, the sitting design, the appropriateness for special populations, and waste collection. However, urine and liquid diversion presented a challenge for users who perform anal washing and for women who had experienced female genital mutilation. Refugee populations are often culturally and ethnically diverse. Using residents' input to inform the development of sanitation solutions can increase user acceptability and provide opportunities to improve sanitation system designs based on specific needs.

Correction: Sanitation practices and perceptions in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya: Comparing the status quo with a novel service-based approach.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180864.].