RESUMO
Caligus rogercresseyi is the dominant sea louse parasite affecting the salmon and trout industry in southern Chile. This parasite has a wide range of native and endemic fish hosts. The Patagonian blenny Eleginops maclovinus, which is parasitized mostly by the caligid species Lepeophtheirus spp. and C. rogercresseyi, is presumably responsible for the transmission of C. rogercresseyi to salmonids. The aim of this study was to characterize the transmission of parasites between different fish species and parasite cohort development under laboratory conditions. Parasite abundances and intensities were quantified. Transmission of parasites from Patagonian blenny to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was lower (~9%, mainly corresponding to C. rogercresseyi) than from salmon to Patagonian blenny (14.7-26.9%, where only C. rogercresseyi were observed). This suggests that the transmission of C. rogercresseyi from salmon individuals is higher than the transmission from a native fish. Parasite cohorts developed successfully on both fish species, but apparently under different developmental rates. Water temperature, oxygen, and juvenile abundances were the variables that better explained cohort development success and variation in C. rogercresseyi adult abundances over time.
Assuntos
Copépodes , Doenças dos Peixes , Salmo salar , Salmonidae , Animais , Chile/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , SalmãoRESUMO
The interaction of B7 family members with appropriate receptors is essential for an effective T cell response. CD80 and CD86 are the principal co-stimulatory molecules of this family and they are mainly expressed on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), but also on several non-lymphoid cells. CD86 is constitutively expressed in keratinocytes from the spinous layer of normal cervical epithelium. However, the mechanisms that control the expression of this gene in epithelial cells remain unknown. We analyzed the DNA methylation status of the CD86 promoter and a CpG island located in the upstream intergenic region in keratinocyte-derived cell lines. In those cell lines where CD86 is expressed, a high degree of methylation in the CpG island was observed. However, a CpG dinucleotide within the cAMP response element (CRE) in the promoter region was consistently unmethylated and associated to the transcription factor CREB, as demonstrated by ChIP assays. The opposite methylation pattern was observed in cell lines where CD86 is not expressed, affecting also the binding of CREB. The analysis of the DNA methylation pattern of this gene in cells from the spinous and basal layers of normal cervical epithelium showed a similar profile to that observed in cell lines with and without expression of CD86 respectively. Our results indicate that the methylation pattern in the CD86 promoter and CpG island is closely related to the expression of this co-stimulatory molecule in keratinocytes.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-2/genética , Ilhas de CpG/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Queratinócitos/fisiologia , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Linhagem Celular , HumanosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of a TaqMan real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) fish tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with and without clinical signs of infection, and to compare it with histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. Sixteen fish samples obtained in 2007 and 2008 from 4 different farms in Chile were examined. The real-time RT-PCR allowed the detection of ISAV in FFPE samples from 9 of 16 fish, regardless of the organs analyzed, whereas 4 of the real-time RT-PCR negative fish were positive as indicated by histological examination and 3 of the real-time RT-PCR positive fish were negative as indicated by immunohistochemistry evaluation. The presence of ISAV in RT-PCR positive samples was confirmed by amplicon sequencing. This work constitutes the first report on the use of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of ISAV in FFPE sections. The assay is very useful for the examination of archival wax-embedded tissues, and allows for both prospective and retrospective evaluation of tissue samples for the presence of ISAV. However, the method only confirms the presence of the pathogen and should be used in combination with histopathology, which is a more precise tool. The combination of both techniques would be invaluable for confirmatory diagnosis of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), which is essential for solving salmon farm problems.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Isavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Inclusão em Parafina/veterinária , Salmo salar , Fixação de Tecidos/veterinária , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/diagnóstico , Fixadores/química , Formaldeído/química , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Inclusão em Parafina/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fixação de Tecidos/métodosRESUMO
We report the first isolation, identification and characterization of a group of Chilean strains of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from freshwater farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Affected fish showed superficial ulcers and pale liver with or without petechial haemorrhages. Outbreaks of the disease occurred in two farms in the south of Chile about 2200 km apart. Five strains were isolated in pure culture and identified by serological assays and immunofluorescence tests as belonging to Aeromonas salmonicida. Although the bacterial isolates were phenotypically homogeneous, minor differences with the reference strain A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 were noted. Three specific primer sets and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing allowed the identification of the Chilean isolates as atypical A. salmonicida, with A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida as their closest relatives (100% sequence similarity). Molecular typing indicated that the atypical isolates belong to two genetic groups that were associated with the geographical origin.
Assuntos
Aeromonas salmonicida/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Água Doce , Furunculose/veterinária , Aeromonas salmonicida/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Chile , Furunculose/microbiologia , Furunculose/patologia , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Salmo salarRESUMO
Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity indexes are related by hyperbolic functions, allowing the calculation of the disposition index (DI) as the product of the acute insulin response (AIR) and the insulin sensitivity index (Si) from intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Our objective was to develop an oral-DI based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to assess its association with glucose tolerance status. This research is structured in three studies. Study 1: OGTT were performed in 833 non-diabetic Chilean women (18-60 years) without family history of diabetes mellitus. Study 2: an independent group of n = 57 non-diabetic (18-46 years) without family history of diabetes mellitus carried out an OGTT and an abbreviated IVGTT. Study 3: a sample of 1674 Chilean adults (18-60 years) with different glycaemic status performed an OGTT. An adequate statistical fit for a rectangular hyperbola was found between the area under the curve of insulin-to-glucose ratio (AUCI/G-R) and the Matsuda ISI-COMP index (study 1). The oral-DI derived as AUCI/G-R × ISI-COMP was previously termed insulin-secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2). ISSI-2 significantly correlated with DI from IVGTT (rho = 0.34; p = 0.009) (study 2). ISSI-2 shows important differences across groups of subjects with different glycaemic status (study 3). We have confirmed that ISSI-2 replicates the mathematical properties of DI, showing significant correlations with DI from the abbreviated MM-IVGTT. These results indicate that ISSI-2 constitutes a surrogate measure of insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity and emphasizes the pivotal role of impaired insulin secretion in the development of glucose homeostasis dysregulation.
Assuntos
Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Intolerância à Glucose/diagnóstico , Resistência à Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Estado Pré-Diabético/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Saúde da Família/etnologia , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/etnologia , Intolerância à Glucose/metabolismo , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina/etnologia , Secreção de Insulina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Estado Pré-Diabético/etnologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/metabolismo , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
High circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) concentration, often reported in diabetes, leads to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) through not yet well-defined mechanisms. Serotonin and dopamine might contribute to NEFA-dependent ß-cell dysfunction, since extracellular signal of these monoamines decreases GSIS. Moreover, palmitate-treated ß-cells may enhance the expression of the serotonin receptor Htr2c, affecting insulin secretion. Additionally, the expression of monoamine-oxidase type B (Maob) seems to be lower in islets from humans and mice with diabetes compared to nondiabetic islets, which may lead to increased monoamine concentrations. We assessed the expression of serotonin- and dopamine-related genes in islets from db/db and wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the effect of palmitate and oleate on the expression of such genes, 5HT content, and GSIS in MIN6 ß-cell was determined. Lower Maob expression was found in islets from db/db versus WT mice and in MIN6 ß-cells in response to palmitate and oleate treatment compared to vehicle. Reduced 5HT content and impaired GSIS in response to palmitate (-25%; p < 0.0001) and oleate (-43%; p < 0.0001) were detected in MIN6 ß-cells. In conclusion, known defects of GSIS in islets from db/db mice and MIN6 ß-cells treated with NEFAs are accompanied by reduced Maob expression and reduced 5HT content.
Assuntos
Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genética , Acetilserotonina O-Metiltransferasa/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilserotonina O-Metiltransferasa/genética , Animais , Arilalquilamina N-Acetiltransferase/efeitos dos fármacos , Arilalquilamina N-Acetiltransferase/genética , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/efeitos dos fármacos , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Linhagem Celular , Dopa Descarboxilase/efeitos dos fármacos , Dopa Descarboxilase/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/genética , Dopamina beta-Hidroxilase/efeitos dos fármacos , Dopamina beta-Hidroxilase/genética , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Camundongos , Monoaminoxidase/efeitos dos fármacos , Monoaminoxidase/genética , Ácido Oleico/farmacologia , Ácido Palmítico/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Serotonina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/genética , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Triptofano Hidroxilase/efeitos dos fármacos , Triptofano Hidroxilase/genética , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic ß-cells synthetize and store Serotonin (5-Hydroxytriptamine, 5HT) which is co-released with insulin. It has been proposed that extracellular 5HT binds to specific cell surface receptors and modulate insulin secretion. On the other hand, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine seems to reduce Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS). However, it is unknown whether this effect results from changes in extracellular 5HT concentration owed to the blockade of 5HT transporter (SERT) or from non-5HT dependent actions. The aims of this work were: 1) to quantify extracellular 5HT levels and GSIS in ß-cell lines, 2) to determine whether extracellular 5HT levels and GSIS are changed by fluoxetine or 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP, the immediate 5HT biosynthetic precursor), and 3) to quantify the expression of Slc6a4 gene (encoding SERT) in ß-cell lines in relation to other genes involved in 5HT system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ß-cell lines MIN6 and RINm5f were subjected to GSIS protocols, after treatment with fluoxetine, 5HTP or 5HT. Insulin and 5HT were quantified by ELISA and HPLC, respectively. Relative mRNA expression was quantified by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: MIN6 ß-cells secretes 5HT in response to glucose, showing a sharp increase in 5HT release when cells were preloaded with 5HTP. Treatment with 5HT or fluoxetine reduces GSIS. Fluoxetine fails to further increases 5HTP-induced elevation of secreted 5HT. MIN6 ß-cells express both isoforms of Tryptophan Hydroxylase (Tph1 and Tph2), and have high expression levels of L-Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), both enzymes involved in 5HT biosynthetic pathway, but do not express the 5HT transporters Slc6a4 or Slc6a3 (the Dopamine-5HT transporter) genes. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on ß-cell glucose stimulated insulin secretion is not mediated by blockage of 5HT transporter through SERT.
Assuntos
Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Animais , Descarboxilases de Aminoácido-L-Aromático/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/citologia , Camundongos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , Triptofano Hidroxilase/metabolismoRESUMO
We present an unusual patient with a medical history of a fibrosing pseudotumor of the left orbit that had been stable for 8 years who presented with acute anterior hypophyseal failure. During the next 10-month period, sequential magnetic resonance scans showed a rapid growth of a plaque-like sellar and parasellar mass extending into the right cavernous sinus, right Meckel's cave, along the dural surfaces of the clivus, dens, and body of the second cervical vertebra. A transsphenoidal biopsy revealed sphenoid and intrasellar pseudotumor that invaded the adenohypophysis and had microscopic features identical to those of the previously excised orbital pseudotumor. Rapid growth of the pseudotumor continued despite a course of radiotherapy. Palsies of cranial nerves V and VI and of the sensory root of the cranial nerve VII developed on the right side. Steroid therapy was associated with improvement of the cranial nerve palsies. This is the first report of the sellar fibrosing pseudotumor producing not only anterior hypophyseal failure, but also cranial nerve dysfunction secondary to plaque-like extension into the cavernous sinus, Meckel's cave, and cranial base dura. This intracranial plaque-like extension of a fibrous pseudotumor corresponds to a hypertrophic intracranial pachymeningitis, which is a rare, previously described phenomenon associated to the syndrome of multifocal fibrosclerosis.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Nervos Cranianos/etiologia , Hipopituitarismo/etiologia , Pseudotumor Orbitário/complicações , Paralisia/etiologia , Biópsia , Doenças dos Nervos Cranianos/patologia , Doenças dos Nervos Cranianos/cirurgia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Hipopituitarismo/patologia , Hipopituitarismo/cirurgia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Órbita/patologia , Pseudotumor Orbitário/patologia , Pseudotumor Orbitário/cirurgia , Paralisia/patologia , Paralisia/cirurgia , Testes de Função Hipofisária , Hipófise/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
A recent case-control study suggests that the allele (AC)23 of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) associated to the aldose reductase (ALR2) gene could be related to early retinopathy in Type 2 diabetics. By means of a longitudinal-retrospective study, we aimed to seek for a relationship between the rate of progression of retinopathy and the (AC)23 allele of the VNTR associated to the ALR2 gene. A random sample was obtained of 27 Type 2 diabetics (aged 68.1 +/- 10.6 years, diabetes duration = 20.7 +/- 4.8 years, mean HbA1 = 10.6 +/- 1.6%). The mean HbA1 was the arithmetic average of 2.2 measurements per patient per year of total glycosilated hemoglobin (Gabbay method, normal range: 4.2-7.5%). Retinopathy was graded by an Ophthalmologist in a scale from zero to four score points. The genotype of the (AC), VNTR was determined by 32P-PCR plus sequenciation in a Perkin-Elmer laser device. The Mann-Whitney test and either chi2 or Fisher's exact test were used. A P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The retinopathy progression rate (RPR, points x year(-1)) was calculated by dividing the increment of retinopathy score (delta Retinopathy Score, [points]), by the duration of the follow up [years]. The 12 diabetics having the (AC)23 allele had a mean RPR 8.9 times higher (0.40 +/- 0.61 points x year(-1)) than the 15 patients who had alleles other than (AC)23 (0.045 +/- 0.099 points x year(-1), P = 0.037). Both groups were similar with respect to: mean HbA1 (10.5 +/- 1.4 and 10.7 +/- 1.7%, P = 0.95), age at diagnosis (48.5 +/- 6.3 and 46.3 +/- 14.0 years, P = 0.81), diabetes' duration (21.3 +/- 4.7 and 20.2 +/- 4.9 years, P = 0.41) and serum creatinine (0.89 +/- 0.2 and 1.13 +/- 0.5 mg dl(-1), P = 0.35). We concluded that, in Type-2 diabetics having similar glycemic control, the (AC)23 allele of the VNTR associated to the ALR2 gene, is associated to a 8.9 times faster progression of retinopathy than in patients who have other alleles.
Assuntos
Aldeído Redutase/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Retinopatia Diabética/genética , Retinopatia Diabética/fisiopatologia , Repetições Minissatélites , Polimorfismo Genético , Idade de Início , Idoso , Sequência de Bases , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chile , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Retinopatia Diabética/enzimologia , Progressão da Doença , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The frequency of bleeding complaints during the first year of use and their influence on removal rate were analyzed in a retrospective cohort study of 491 Norplant implants acceptors. Removal rates were significantly higher in women having menstrual complaints (1.98% and 29.23% in the first and fourth trimester) than in those who did not mention them (0.79 and 5.07% in the same periods). In all periods of observation, most women who mentioned menstrual problems decided to continue using the method. Two possible explanations for this are that 1) the complaints did not persist for very long, and 2) the most frequent complaint mentioned was bleeding irregularity, which was not as strongly associated with removals as increased or decreased bleeding. The authors conclude that bleeding problems are the most important factor limiting the acceptability of Norplant implants, either being the main reason for removal (3.9 per 100 women) or influencing the rate of removal for other reasons. Adequate counseling appears to be critical for reducing the impact of bleeding problems on removal rates, and thereby increasing the acceptability of the method. The importance of research aimed at preventing or treating menstrual problems to improve the acceptability of the method is emphasized.
Assuntos
Levanogestrel/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia Uterina/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Implantes de Medicamento , Feminino , Humanos , Levanogestrel/administração & dosagem , Satisfação do Paciente , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament as a potential predictor of foot ulceration. A case-control study was carried out in a teaching hospital clinic specializing in diabetes and hyperlipidemic disorders. Two groups of patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied: 168 with no history of foot lesions (No-Ulcer group, aged 58.1 +/- 9.7 years, duration 11.5 +/- 7.8 years) and 14 who had at least one foot ulceration during the last year (foot ulcer group, aged 60.8 +/- 7.8 years', duration 17.1 +/- 10.5 years). The authors defined and measured a "monofilament index" using a size 5.07 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament on three locations on each foot and then measured peroneal nerve current perception thresholds using the Neurometer at three frequencies: 5 Hz, 250 Hz, and 2,000 Hz. The monofilament index score was lower in patients in the foot ulcer group than in patients in the No-Ulcer group (1.71 +/- 2.36 vs 5.21 +/- 1.81, P < 0.001). A cutoff point at an index of 5 out of 6 yielded a sensitivity rate of 85.71% and a false-positive rate of 16.07%. The peroneal nerve current perception threshold was higher (P < 0.005) in patients in the foot ulcer group than in patients in the No-Ulcer group for all frequencies (605.8 +/- 414.6 vs 181.5 +/- 272.3 for 5 Hz; 743.2 +/- 361.7 vs 251.6 +/- 283.7 for 250 Hz; 859.4 +/- 220.2 vs 423.3 +/- 252.6 for 2,000 Hz). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Pé Diabético/diagnóstico , Nervo Fibular/patologia , Idoso , Pé Diabético/etiologia , Pé Diabético/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Limiar Sensorial , Pele/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent and ongoing clinical studies have indicated that topiramate (Topamax®) could be effective in treating ethanol or cocaine abuse. However, the effects of topiramate on the co-administration of ethanol and cocaine remain largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We studied the effects of topiramate, in Wistar rats, on operant ethanol self-administration with the co-administration of cocaine (i.p.). The psychomotor effects of topiramate were examined before ethanol self-administration and cocaine exposure. Blood samples were collected to analyse ethanol and cocaine metabolism (blood ethanol levels and benzoylecgonine). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to characterize the gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. KEY RESULTS: Topiramate prevented the cocaine-induced increased response to ethanol in a dose-dependent manner without causing any motor impairment by itself. This effect was observed when topiramate was administered before ethanol access, but not when topiramate was administered before the cocaine injection. Topiramate did not block cocaine-induced psychomotor stimulation. Topiramate reduced blood ethanol levels but did not affect cocaine metabolism. Ethanol increased the gene expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a), the corepressor Dnmt1-associated protein 1 (Dmap1), and the RNA methyltransferase Trdmt1. These effects were prevented by topiramate or cocaine. Gene expression of histone deacetylase-2 and glutamate receptor kainate-1 were only increased by cocaine treatment. Topiramate and cocaine co-administration caused an up-regulation of dopamine (Drd1, Th) and opioid (Oprm1) receptor genes. Topiramate showed a tendency to alter episodic-like memory. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Topiramate is an effective inhibitor of the cocaine-induced increase in operant ethanol self-administration.
Assuntos
Cocaína/farmacologia , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Etanol/farmacologia , Frutose/análogos & derivados , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cocaína/administração & dosagem , Cocaína/metabolismo , Condicionamento Operante , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Interações Medicamentosas , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Etanol/sangue , Frutose/farmacologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Masculino , Memória Episódica , Córtex Pré-Frontal/enzimologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Autoadministração , Fatores de Tempo , TopiramatoAssuntos
Pessoal de Saúde , Relações Interprofissionais , Ética Profissional , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , EspanhaRESUMO
Keratinocytes have been traditionally considered as nonprofessional antigen presenting cells, since multipassaged cells from skin biopsies of healthy individuals do not constitutively express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II or costimulatory molecules, but can be induced to do so after exposure to interferon-gamma. In normal and human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected cervical epithelium, keratinocytes are affected by a variety of soluble mediators that could modulate the expression of molecules including costimulatory proteins; however, the presence of these molecules within the cervix has been poorly studied. Therefore, our aim was to further explore the presence of costimulatory molecules on normal cervical epithelium and HPV-16 positive low squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). We found in situ CD86 (but not CD80) displayed on the surface of normal keratinocytes from the spinous layer of human cervical epithelium. The presence of the protein and its messenger RNA level (evaluated by in situ hybridization) was diminished in HPV-16 positive LSILs. Although downregulation of costimulatory molecules is frequently related to cytokines expression, we did not observe differences in the presence of interleukin-10, the main cytokine that inhibits CD86 expression. Expression of CD86 on keratinocytes from normal cervical epithelium could indicate the potentiality of these cells to activate cytotoxic T cells, while the shut-off of this molecule in HPV-16 positive lesions could be a mechanism for evading host immune surveillance, resulting in the persistent HPV infection and probable progression of cervical lesions.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-1/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-2/metabolismo , Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Papillomavirus Humano 16/isolamento & purificação , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Células Escamosas/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Epitélio/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/patologia , Neoplasias de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity indexes are related by hyperbolic functions, allowing the calculation of the disposition index (DI) as the product of the acute insulin response (AIR) and the insulin sensitivity index (Si) from intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Our objective was to develop an oral-DI based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to assess its association with glucose tolerance status. This research is structured in three studies. Study 1: OGTT were performed in 833 non-diabetic Chilean women (18-60 years) without family history of diabetes mellitus. Study 2: an independent group of n = 57 non-diabetic (18-46 years) without family history of diabetes mellitus carried out an OGTT and an abbreviated IVGTT. Study 3: a sample of 1674 Chilean adults (18-60 years) with different glycaemic status performed an OGTT. An adequate statistical fit for a rectangular hyperbola was found between the area under the curve of insulin-to-glucose ratio (AUCI/G-R) and the Matsuda ISI-COMP index (study 1). The oral-DI derived as AUCI/G-R × ISI-COMP was previously termed insulin-secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2). ISSI-2 significantly correlated with DI from IVGTT (rho = 0.34; p = 0.009) (study 2). ISSI-2 shows important differences across groups of subjects with different glycaemic status (study 3). We have confirmed that ISSI-2 replicates the mathematical properties of DI, showing significant correlations with DI from the abbreviated MM-IVGTT. These results indicate that ISSI-2 constitutes a surrogate measure of insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity and emphasizes the pivotal role of impaired insulin secretion in the development of glucose homeostasis dysregulation (AU)
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Insulina , Glicemia/análise , Intolerância à Glucose/diagnóstico , Estado Pré-Diabético/diagnóstico , Resistência à Insulina/etnologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina , Chile , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Insulina/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/etnologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Estado Pré-Diabético/etnologia , Saúde da Família/etnologia , Teste de Tolerância a GlucoseRESUMO
A seroepidemiologic inquest was carried out in 667 children from the county of Huixquilucan, Mexico, looking for serum antibodies against infections caused by the following microorganisms: Epstein-Barr virus; cytomegalovirus; syncytial respiratory; para-influenza 1, 2 and 3; measles; rubella; mumps; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, beta hemolytic A Streptococcus and Toxoplasma gondii. The findings are reported. Considerations are made on the incidence of these diseases in different age groups and a comparison is established with the findings in other countries, since there is no previous information in Mexico for some of the viral agents studied.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/imunologiaRESUMO
The gamma-ray imaging using coded aperture masks as focusing elements is an extended technique for static position sensitive detectors. Several transfer functions have been proposed to implement mathematically the set of holes in the mask, the uniformly redundant array collimator being the most popular design. A considerable amount of work has been done to improve the digital methods to deconvolve the gamma-ray image, formed at the detector plane, with this transfer function. Here we present a study of the behavior of these techniques when applied to the geometric shadows produced by a set of point emitters. Comparison of the shape of the object reconstructed from these shadows with that resulting from the analytical reconstruction is performed, defining the validity ranges of the usual algorithmic approximations reported in the literature. Finally, several improvements are discussed.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Preventive Measures and Health Promotion Programme (PMHPP), in order to find its spread of influence and to identify consequent problems, with the aim of putting in place measures to improve effectiveness. DESIGN: Observational, crossover and retrospective study, using random distribution. SETTING: Primary Care teams (PCT) of Health Area 11, Madrid. PARTICIPANTS: Ten clinical records from each general practitioner/nurse case-load of the 24 PCT in the Area: 1470 clinical records in all. INTERVENTIONS: Clinical auditing carried out in October 1992. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Prevalences obtained were: 19.3 +/- 1.03 for AHT, 34.4 +/- 1.24 for tobacco dependency, 17 +/- 0.84 for Hypercholesterolaemia and 20.7 +/- 1.02 for obesity-overweight. All the percentages were higher for patients who attended for the last time in 1992 (p < 0.001), except those concerning breast and cervical cancer screening. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The prevalences obtained from the FR.CV. are close to those theoretically expected. 2. Measures aimed at A.T., tobacco and alcohol were correctly carried out for more than 75% of the patients and were applied to over 50% of the relevant population. 3. Anti-tetanus and anti-rubella vaccinations and breast cancer screening were correctly performed only in just over 25% of cases. 4. Correct compliance with the majority of the measures was higher among users who attended for the last time after the Programme's introduction.
Assuntos
Promoção da Saúde , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Área Programática de Saúde , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
We analyzed 1529 diabetic patients seen between 1959 and 1982 at a teaching hospital in Concepción, Chile. 116 of them were insulin dependent diabetics. Gestational diabetes was excluded. The 10 year actuarial risk of acquiring tuberculosis was 24.2% for insulin-dependent diabetics and 4.8% for the rest (p less than 0.001). The risk of the diabetic population as a whole was 5.9% compared to 0.8% for the population at large. Thus, diabetics are a high risk group for tuberculosis, especially insulin-dependent patients whose risk is about 38 times higher than the general population under 40 years of age.