Planes of Reference for Orbital Fractures: A Technique for Reproducible Measurements of the Orbit on Computed Tomography Scans.

PURPOSE: Planes of reference for orbital fractures (PROF) was developed to standardize measurements made on orbital computed tomography scans. This study describes the use of PROF in determining the location along the orbital floor where the posterior ledge (PL) most commonly occurs. The transverse inclination and anterior-posterior inclination of the orbital floor will also be measured. METHODS: This study evaluates 104 patients with unilateral orbital fracture. Fifty-two patients had intact infra-orbital margin (IM) and 52 had fractured IM. Facial computed tomography scans were analyzed using Osirix Lite Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Viewer version 7.0.1 (Geneva, Switzerland). All skull positions were standardized by orientation according to Frankfurt and mid-sagittal planes. Measurements of distance of PL from IM were determined in the sagittal view. Measurements of the inclination of the orbital floor in the transverse and anterior-posterior sections were done on the coronal and sagittal views respectively. RESULTS: For patients with intact and fractured IM, the mean distances of PL from IM were 22.1 mm (95% CI: 21.2-23.0) and 21.1 mm (95% CI: 20.2-21.9) respectively. Mean transverse inclination was 19.4° (95% CI: 18.3-20.5). Mean anterior-posterior inclination was 15.5° (95% CI: 14.5-16.5). CONCLUSION: Planes of reference for orbital fractures is a simple and effective method to acquire standardized measurements of the orbital cavity on computed tomography scans. Understanding the commonest location of PL and the orientation of the orbital floor in 3-dimensional space allows surgeons to perform dissection with greater precision.

Response-Adapted Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The development of potent novel agents has improved outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Heterogeneity of response to therapy, an expanding arsenal of treatment options, and cost are however major challenges for physicians making treatment decisions. Response-adapted therapy is hence an attractive strategy for sequencing of therapy in MM. Despite its successful application in other haematologic malignancies, response-adapted therapy is yet to become a standard of care for MM. We provide our perspective on response-adapted therapeutic strategies evaluated thus far and how they may be implemented and improved on in treatment algorithms of the future. RECENT FINDINGS: While older studies suggested that early response based on International Myeloma Working Group response criteria could impact long-term outcomes, recent data have contradicted these findings. The advent of minimal residual disease (MRD) as a powerful prognostic factor in MM has raised the promise of MRD-adapted treatment strategies. The development of more sensitive techniques for paraprotein quantification as well as imaging modalities to detect extramedullary disease is likely to change response assessment in MM. These techniques combined with MRD assessment may provide sensitive and holistic response assessments which could be evaluated in clinical trials. Response-adapted treatment algorithms have the potential to allow an individualised treatment strategy, maximising efficacy, while minimising toxicities and cost. Standardisation of MRD methodology, incorporation of imaging into response assessment, and the optimal management of MRD positive patients are key questions to be addressed in future trials.