Analytical strategy to investigate 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) metabolites in consumers' urine by high-resolution mass spectrometry.

The potential of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the investigation of human in vivo metabolism of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) using urine collected from a consumer (this is, in non-controlled experiments) has been investigated. As a control sample was not available, the common approach based on the comparison of a control/blank sample and samples collected after drug intake could not be used. Alternatively, an investigation based on common fragmentation pathways was applied, assuming that most metabolites share some fragments with the parent drug. An extension of this approach was also applied based on the fragmentation pathway of those metabolites identified in urine samples in the first step. The use of MS(E) experiments (sequential acquisition of mass spectra at low and high collision energy) has been crucial to this aim as it allowed promoting fragmentation in the collision cell without any previous precursor ion selection. MDPV belongs to the group of new psychoactive substances (NPS), being known as the "cannibal drug". This substance is being abused more and more and is associated with dangerous side effects. The human metabolites (both phase I and phase II) were detected and tentatively identified by accurate mass full-spectrum measurements using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Following this strategy, up to 10 phase I metabolites, together with some glucuronides and sulphates, were detected and tentative structures were proposed. Several compounds identified in this work have not been previously reported in the literature.

[Opiate dependence type II or antisocial: Cloninger's Psychobiological Model and its usefullness in addictions]. / Dependencia de Opiáceos tipo II o antisocial: utilidad del Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger en adicciones.

The aim was to analyze the relationship between Cloninger's dimensions and Personality Disorders (PD) (with DSM-IV criteria) in opiate dependents. The study was Cross-sectional. The sampling of 196 patients with opiate dependence was consecutive. All were receiving treatment in an inpatient detoxification unit. Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE) and a Substance Use Questionnaire were used. Character's dimensions as Self-directness and Cooperation were related with PD when scored low. Opposite to Cloninger descriptions, high scores of Self-transcendence were related with presence of PD. Related to temperamental dimensions, cluster A was related with low scores of Reward Dependence (RD) and cluster C with high scores of Harm Avoidance (HA). Otherwise, in cluster B, while Borderline PD had high scores of Novelty Seeking (as high HA), the Antisocial PD only were related to low scores of RD. RD dimension seems useful to differ from presence or absence of Antisocial PD, also when alcohol consumption is considered. Cloninger's Model of Personality is useful in drug dependents for the definition of the different PD, as well as for probable PD's aggregation. This model also helps to create subtypes in opiate dependents as the antisocial or type II.

Gender Perspective in Dual Diagnosis.

Little data are available for women diagnosed with a dual diagnosis. However, dual diagnosis in women presents increased stigma, social penalties, and barriers to access to treatment than it does for men. Indeed, it increases the probability of suffering physical or sexual abuse, violent victimization, gender-based violence, unemployment, social exclusion, social-role problems, and physical and psychiatric comorbidities. Thus, a transversal sex and gender-based perspective is required to adequately study and treat dual diagnosis. For this, sex and gender factors should be included in every scientific analysis; professionals should review their own prejudices and stereotypes and train themselves specifically from a gender perspective; administrations should design and provide specific treatment resources for women; and we could all contribute to a structural social transformation that goes beyond gender mandates and norms and reduces the risk of abuse and violence inflicted on women.

Variación en el patrón de consumo de cannabinoides sintéticos de una paciente a lo largo de 2018 / Variation in the pattern of synthetic cannabinoid use by a female patient during 2018

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Dependencia de Opiáceos tipo II o antisocial: utilidad del Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger en adicciones / Opiate Dependence Type II or antisocial: Cloninger’s Psychobiological Model and its usefullness in addictions

El objetivo es relacionar las dimensiones del modelo de Cloninger y los trastornos de personalidad (TP) según criterios DSM-IV en dependientes de opiáceos. Para ello se realizó un estudio transversal, por muestreo consecutivo, en 196 dependientes de opiáceos ingresados en una Unidad de Desintoxicación Hospitalaria. Se usaron un cuestionario de consumo de sustancias, el inventario de temperamento y carácter de Cloninger (Temperament and Character Inventory, TCI) y la entrevista diagnóstica internacional de los trastornos de la personalidad (International Personality Disorders Examination, IPDE). Los resultados mostraron que puntuaciones bajas en las dimensiones caracteriales auto-dirección y cooperación se asocian con la presencia de TP. Al contrario de lo descrito por Cloninger, puntuaciones altas en la dimensión caracterial autotrascendencia se relacionan significativamente con la presencia de TP. Respecto a las dimensiones temperamentales, el clúster A se relaciona con baja dependencia del refuerzo (DR) y el clúster C con alta evitación del daño (ED). No obstante, en el clúster B, si bien el trastorno límite de la personalidad presenta alta Búsqueda de Novedad (además de alta ED), el trastorno antisocial de la personalidad (TAP) sólo se relaciona con bajas puntuaciones en DR. DR diferencia entre la ausencia o presencia de TAP, incluso considerando la influencia de la dependencia de alcohol. Por todo ello, el modelo de personalidad de Cloninger es útil para definirlos diferentes TP en población drogodependiente, permitiendo agrupar el diagnóstico probable de TP, así como para crear subtipos como el antisocial o tipo II en dependientes de opiáceos(AU)

The aim was to analyze the relationship between Cloninger’s dimensions and Personality Disorders (PD) (with DSM-IV criteria) in opiate dependents. The study was Cross-sectional. The sampling of 196 patients with opiate dependence was consecutive. All were receiving treatment in an inpatient detoxification unit. Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE)and a Substance Use Questionnaire were used. Character’s dimensions as Self-directness and Cooperation were related with PD when scored low. Opposite to Cloninger descriptions, high scores of Self-transcendence were related with presence of PD. Related to temperamental dimensions, cluster A was related with low scores of Reward Dependence (RD) and cluster C with high scores of Harm Avoidance (HA). Otherwise, in cluster B, while Borderline PD had high scores of Novelty Seeking (as high HA), the Antisocial PD only were related to low scores of RD. RD dimension seems useful to differ from presence or absence of Antisocial PD, also when alcohol consumption is considered. Cloninger’s Model of Personality is useful in drug dependents for the definition of the different PD, as well as for probable PD’s aggregation. This model also helps to create subtypes in opiate dependents as the antisocial or type II(AU)