Effects of the hyperbaric oxygen on de novo bone formation during periosteal distraction.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on de novo bone formation during periosteal distraction (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periosteal distraction was performed in 24 mature male New Zealand rabbits using a custom-designed device placed on the lateral surface of the mandibular corpus. Twelve rabbits (group H) were given adjunctive HBO treatment, whereas 12 rabbits (group N) were kept in a normal environment (normobaric oxygen). After a 7-day latency period, the same distraction protocol was applied to both groups. However, the rabbits in group H were treated with pure oxygen at 2.4 atm absolute for 25 times. Both groups were further divided into 2 subgroups and killed after consolidation periods of 4 and 8 weeks. Photodensitometric and histologic analyses were performed to evaluate the newly formed bone. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the 4-week consolidated HBO group and the 8-week consolidated normobaric oxygen subgroup (P = 0.229). Moreover, there was better bone formation in the 8-week HBO group than in the 8-week control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that PD with HBO could be used to increase the quality and the quantity of the bone newly formed by PD.

Is endodontic treatment necessary during coronectomy procedure?

PURPOSE: Close proximity of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) to the third molar roots can result in nerve injuries during extraction of third molars. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the relationship of the nerve and roots to avoid damage to the IAN. Computed tomography scans are widely used to determine the correct relationship between the IAN and lower third molars. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 10 patients with 16 lower third molars in close relationship with the IAN who were divided into a study group and a control group. The patients in the study group were treated via coronectomies performed with endodontic treatments. The patients in the control group underwent coronectomies without endodontic treatment. The patients were followed up for at least 1 year. RESULTS: We had to extract 7 of the roots because of the infection in 8 patients belonging to the study group, which were treated endodontically. Moreover, there were 3 cases of IAN damage because of the extraction in the study group. However, in the control group, no infection was determined and IAN damage was absent. CONCLUSION: Coronectomy appears to be a reliable technique to protect the IAN from damage. This procedure has a low incidence of complications. Endodontic treatment does not affect the success of this method according to our results.

Anatomic evaluation of maxillary sinus septa: surgery and radiology.

The anatomical structure of the maxillary sinus is fundamental to maxillofacial surgery. The presence of septa, located at the inner surface of the maxillary sinus, increases the risk of sinus membrane perforation during sinus elevation for dental implant surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of maxillary sinus septa.Data in this study was obtained from a total of 205 cases. One hundred and seventy-seven patients were partially edentulous (PE) whereas 28 patients had no teeth. Dental computerized tomography (dental CT) was used in the assessment of 410 sinus segments (205 left and 205 right segments). The prevalence of sinus segments with septa was found to be 145/410. Septa were detected in 91 of the 177 PE cases. There were a total of 26 septa in 18 of the 28 completely edentulous (CE) cases. A total of 165 septa were detected in these segments. The prevalence of septa was 46.4% (26/56) in the CE, and 39.2% (139/354) in the PE segments. Thirty septa were found in the anterior, 110 in the middle and 25 in the posterior region. All detected septa were located mediolateral direction. Their relative position: lateral, middle or medial were also noted. The height measurements of the septa varied amongst the different positions. In view of the fact that septa of various heights and courses can develop in all parts of the maxillary sinus, timely and adequate assessment of the inner aspect of the maxillary sinus is essential to avoid complications during sinus augmentation procedures.

Dynamic MRI evaluation of tongue posture and deglutitive movements in a surgically corrected open bite.

Tongue thrust usually develops in the presence of anterior open bite in order to achieve anterior valve function. In the literature, tongue thrust is described both as the result and the cause of open bite. If it is an adaptation to malocclusion, then tongue posture and deglutitive tongue movements should change after treatment. In this case report, an adult who had skeletal open bite and Class II malocclusion caused by mandibular retrusion was treated surgically. The mandible was advanced in a forward and upward direction with a sagittal split osteotomy. The open bite and Class II malocclusion were corrected and an increase in the posterior airway space (PAS) was observed. Pretreatment and posttreatment dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that tongue tip was retruded behind the incisors and contact of the tongue with the palate increased. It was also determined that the anterior and middle portions descended, whereas the posterior portion was elevated at all stages. Advancement of the mandible, correction of open bite, and an increase in PAS affected not only the tongue posture and deglutitive movements, but also the breathing pattern of the patient.

Osteoma of the mandibular condyle: report of a case with 5-year follow-up.

Osteomas of the mandibular condyle are rare. An unusual case of an osteoma occurring in the mandibular condyle of a 22-year-old man with mandibular deviation and malocclusion is reported; this represents the 14th documented case in the English language literature. The tumor was resected with condylectomy. Postoperatively, mandibular deviation was minimized.

Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle: report of a case and review of the literature.

Osteochondromas rarely affect the mandibular condyle. An unusual case of an osteochondroma occurring in the left mandibular condyle in a 40-year-old man who presented with mandibular deviation and malocclusion is reported; this represents the 37th documented case in the English-language literature. The tumor was resected through condylectomy. Four-year follow-up assessments revealed satisfactory function and occlusion, without evidence of recurrence of the tumor.

Histopathological evaluation of five unusual gingival enlargement cases.

Gingival fibromatosis represents the fibrous hyperplasia of the gingival tissue. Clinical examination reveals enlargement of buccal and palatal gingival tissue. Many forms of gingival fibromatosis are of unknown etiology and termed as idiopathic gingival fibromatosis. However, several authors use various terms such as gingivomatosis and elephantiasis to describe these lesions. Our aim in this case report is to present five patients (one female, four males) with unusual clinical forms of gingival hyperplasia and to discuss the histopathological and clinical features in comparison to similar enlargements. Clinical examinations did not reveal increased periodontal pocket depths, besides plaque and gingival index scores were found to be in normal range. All of the patients were systemically healthy and were not subject to medications, which could lead to gingival hyperplasia. Additionally, clinical appearance of the lesions did not show any signs of trauma. Excisional biopsies were performed in all cases. The pathological examinations of the specimens demonstrated fibroconnective tissue characteristics, which were in accordance with the clinical appearance of all patients. Lesions healed successfully without sequelae or infection, and no recurrence was observed after 1-year follow-up.

Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with temporalis superficial fascia flap.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is characterized by the formation of bony or fibrous mass, which replaces the normal articulation and limitation of mouth opening. This study aims to determine the efficacy of arthroplasty and interpositional fascia flap in the treatment of unilateral and bilateral TMJ ankylosis in three young adult men. Our operative protocol for unilateral and bilateral TMJ ankylosis entailed resection of ankylotic mass, intraoral ipsilateral and bilateral arthroplasty, interpositional tissue transfer to the TMJ with temporalis superficial fascia flap, maxillomandibular fixation, and early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy. Early postoperative initial exercise, physiotherapy, and strict follow-up play an important role in preventing postoperative adhesions. The temporalis superficial facia flap is an autogenous graft that has the advantages of close proximity to the TMJ minimal surgical morbidity, and successful clinical results. It was found to be a valuable option for TMJ ankylosis reconstruction.

An analysis of maxillofacial fractures: a 5-year survey of 157 patients.

The purpose of this study was to review retrospectively the outcomes for 157 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures between 1994 and 1999 at one military hospital in Turkey. Significant data were collected according to age, gender, time of injury, type of facial injuries, cause of injury, treatment methods, and postinjury and postoperative complications. Fractures resulting from gunshot wounds were excluded in this study. Fractures were examined in two groups according to the type of fracture, i.e., isolated or combined. Methods of fixation with closed or open reduction were used to treat the fractures. Fixation was performed with miniplates, compression plates, microplates, reconstruction plates, and wires for open reduction, and stabilization was performed with arch bars for closed reduction. Complications were recorded in two groups, i.e., postinjury and postoperative complications. There were 151 male patients (96.18%) and 6 female patients (3.82%). The patients ranged in age from 15 to 62 years (mean, 22.8 years). In our study, it was determined that the most significant causes of maxillofacial fractures were traffic accidents (69 cases, 43.95%) and fighting (42 cases, 26.75%). Most fractures were in the mandible (161 fractures). It was observed that most of the mandibular fractures were in the body (49 fractures, 30.43%) and condylar (42 fractures, 26.09%) regions. Of the 223 maxillofacial fractures, 63.68% (142 fractures) were treated with closed reduction and 36.32% (81 fractures) were treated with open reduction. Postinjury complications included infections (local infection or osteomyelitis), nerve injuries (alveolaris inferior, facial, lingual, and infraorbital nerves), and a salivary gland fistula, and postoperative complications included infection, facial asymmetry, and malocclusion.

Evaluation of the dental health of the young adult male population in Turkey.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in military recruits and to assess the relation of dental caries with socioeconomic and demographic factors, and sugar consumption behavior, and to generalize the findings for the young adult male population to draw a picture of dental health status of this population segment in Turkey. In this cross-sectional study conducted between August and October 2000 in a military basic training center in Turkey, 2,766 male recruits of the age of 20 were examined by dental specialists to determine their mean number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth (DMFT) scores and were administered a questionnaire for capturing their demographic characteristics and sugar consumption behavior. The mean DMFT score for the 20-year-old male population in Turkey was found to be 5.97. DMFT scores were weakly correlated with income level and urbanization. Sugar consumption was strongly correlated with DMFT scores. The mean number of teeth with fillings component was strongly correlated with income level, moderately with the subject's education, and weakly with the mother's education, father's education, and urbanization. DMFT scores for the young adult male population in Turkey were strongly associated with sugar consumption behavior, whereas they were weakly or not at all associated with demographic factors such as education level, income level, and urbanization.

Rapid canine distalization using distraction of the periodontal ligament: a preliminary clinical validation of the original technique.

The process of rapid canine distalization through the distraction of the periodontal ligament is similar to the process in the midpalatal suture during rapid palatal expansion. Rapid canine distalization can be achieved in three weeks with this technique. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of rapid canine distalization on dentoalveolar tissues during the rapid distalization of canine teeth with semirigid, individual tooth-borne distractors. The study was carried out on 43 canine teeth in 18 (seven male and 11 female) patients who required first premolar extractions. The mean age of the patients was 16.7 years. The second premolars and first molars were used as anchor units. Orthodontic models, cephalometric and panoramic radiographs, and standard photographs of all the patients were taken before treatment and after the consolidation period. Periapical radiographies of the canines and anchor units were obtained once a week during the distalization period. The distractors were activated 0.25 mm three times a day, and the canines were distalized efficiently an average of three weeks. The within-group differences were evaluated with the Wilcoxon test. The maxillary canines were distalized an average of 5.76 mm with 11.47 degrees distal tipping. The maxillary first molars moved mesially 0.56 mm and extruded 0.64 mm. The maxillary incisors showed 1.44 degrees of palatal tipping. The mean distal movement of the mandibular canines was 3.5 mm with 7.16 degrees distal tipping. Anchorage loss was not observed in the mandibular first molars.

Iatrogenic displacement of impacted mandibular third molar into the pterygomandibular space: a case report.

Accidental displacement of an impacted lower third molar into the pterygomandibular space during extraction is a rare complication. The purpose of this article is to report the case of a lower third molar displaced into the pterygomandibular space during an unsuccessful surgical intervention. A 26-year-old male patient presented with infection and trismus was referred to our clinic. The patient's history revealed that he undergone an unsuccessful impacted third molar removal performed by dentist two years ago. The patient was not referred to oral surgeon after the incident, although, the doctor noticed the iatrogenic displacement. On radiological examination, panoramic radiograph and Computed Tomography (CT) scans showed that the displaced tooth was migrated in the pterygomandibular space over the two-year time. Infection and trismus were controlled by antibiotic therapy and physiotherapy before the surgery and the displaced tooth was recovered under local anesthesia. The post-operative period was uneventful and the patient recovered without any sequel.

Histomorphometric analysis of new bone obtained by osteogenic periosteal distraction in ovariectomized rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of estrogen deficiency on newly formed bone obtained by osteogenic periosteal distraction histomorphometrically. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-six female rabbits were divided into 2 groups. The experimental group underwent a bilateral ovariectomy and a sham operation was applied to the control group to equalize the stress of ovariectomy surgery. Four weeks postoperatively, a gradual distraction of the mandibular corpus was performed. RESULTS: In the experimental group, callus formation was delayed and the new bone was less mineralized; conversely, when histomorphometric measurements were compared statistically, there were no significant differences between the ovariectomized and sham-operated subgroups in the mean extent of newly formed bone tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Although osteoporosis caused by the lack of estrogen has negative effects on osteogenic periosteal distraction (OPD), these negative effects do not appear to present a contraindication to OPD.

Histomorphometric analysis of different latency periods effect on new bone obtained by periosteal distraction: an experimental study in the rabbit model.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of latency period on the bone formation after periosteal distraction. For this purpose, a rabbit model was developed and histologic and histomorphometric analyses were conducted. STUDY DESIGN: Periosteal distractors were custom designed and built from stainless steel. Rabbits were divided into 2 groups of 18 each according to the duration of latency period. In group 1, the latency period was 7 days, and in group 2 it was 1 day. Distraction was performed by activating the distractor 0.25 mm twice per day. A periosteal distraction of 7.0 mm was achieved after a distraction period of 10 days. Both groups were divided to 3 subgroups according to the rabbits being killed on the 15th, 30th, or 60th day of the consolidation period. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed to evaluate the bone formation. RESULTS: In the histologic evaluation, new bone formation was observed on the lateral side of the mandible of all the rabbits. Histomorphometric measurements revealed that the mean area of newly formed bone formation was 2.62 cm(2) in group 1 and 3.26 cm(2) in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Periosteal distraction osteogenesis is a viable method in acquired and congenital alveolar ridge defects, resulting in new bone formation. Newly formed bone can be obtained by periosteal distraction osteogenesis applying different latency periods.

Flap and incision design in implant surgery: clinical and anatomical study.

OBJECTIVES: The protection of microcircular support which is essential for healing gains importance if implant surgery is considered to affect the blood flow. The aim of the study is to establish the artery territories supplying the blood into the oral mucosa in the cadavers and to demonstrate the mucosal delivery pattern and to evaluate the effects of different incision types on the healing in the patients having the implant application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was planned in two stages as cadaver and clinical investigations. In cadaver investigation, all intra oral vascular territories were shown in ten specimens. The arterial structure and mucosal vascularity of the area were assessed microscopically and macroscopically. With the obtained data, the clinic results were established by making the crestal incision only for Group 1 (n = 30); both crestal and vertical releasing incisions for Group 2 (n = 30) were planned. RESULTS: The results were established anatomically and clinically. In all cases, vascular territories of the mucosa in the maxilla and mandible were evaluated. In stereo microscopic assessment, although vestibule and oral mucosa had rich anastomoses, the crestal line had avascular features. There was no complication in the soft tissues of the cases, performed the vertical releasing incision during the healing period after 8-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: The vascular richness of the oral mucosal area enables the sufficient healing in the areas of applied flap. According to the alveolar anatomical pattern and the amount of the soft tissue over it, the incisions may be applied horizontally and/or vertically.

Multiple impacted teeth: report of 3 cases.

While impaction of tooth is widespread, multiple impacted teeth by itself is a rare condition and often found in association with syndromes such as cleidocranial dysplasia or Gardner's syndrome. A light of radiographic examination, we describe three Turkish young males with multiple impacted teeth who didn't possess any systemic conditions or syndromes involving both jaws. The first patient, a 21-year-old young male, had 16 unerupted teeth and 5 unerupted supernumerary teeth. The second patient with totally edentulous mandible, a 20-year-old young male, had 31 unerupted teeth. The third patient, a 21-year-old young male, had 22 unerupted teeth and 4 unerupted supernumerary teeth. Based on the clinical presentation, radiographic examination and histopathological studies, this paper discusses the differential diagnosis and management of such cases.

The prosthodontic restoration of a self-inflicted gunshot maxillofacial defect: a short-term follow-up case report.

A self-inflicted gunshot maxillofacial defect was restored with dental implants and various attachments. Following mandibular surgical reconstruction, a fixed full-arch implant-supported prosthesis was fabricated. The maxillary defect was restored with an obturator retained with bar-clip and ball attachments. Crowns with an unfavorable crown-to-root ratio were used to rectify a compromised unilateral interocclusal space. Functional rehabilitation was achieved without any pathologic sequelae and maintained over a 1-year observation period. Provision of a fixed implant-retained mandibular prosthesis opposing a specific design for a maxillary obturator provided short-term and optimistic prognosis in the management of a serious traumatic injury.

Distraction osteogenesis in a severe mandibular deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Distraction osteogenesis is an alternative treatment method for the correction of mandibular hypoplasia. In this case report, distraction with a multidirectional extraoral device was performed to gradually lengthen the corpus and ramus of a patient who had a severe hypoplastic mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient underwent bilateral extraoral ramus and corpus distraction osteogenesis. After seven days of latency period, distraction was performed 0.5 mm twice a day. Subsequent consolidation period was 12 weeks. RESULTS: The patient's mandible was elongated successfully. Cephalometric analysis revealed that ANB angle decreased from 13 degrees to 6 degrees , overjet of 15 mm decreased to 4 mm, corpus length increased from 49 mm to 67 mm, and ramus length increased from 41 mm to 43 mm. Posterior airway space (PAS) also increased due to advancement of the mandible. In stereolithographic model evaluation it was determined that the distances from condylion to gonion and from gonion to pogonion increased. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory results from both aesthetic and functional standpoints were obtained by distraction osteogenesis of the ramus and corpus.

Osteochondroma of the mandible causing severe facial asymmetry: a case report.

Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign tumors of bone. Although osteochondroma is rarely seen in facial region, the cases in literature are usually in the mandibular region, especially around the condyle. The treatments of these lesions include total condylectomy or local resection of the lesion. The aim of the present study is to emphasize the importance of stereolithographic models in planning tumor surgery and how it affects the treatment planning, operation time and prognosis. In this report, the patient had an osteochondroma in the left condylar region, pushing the condyle seriously to the anterior. The clinical findings were 8 mm deviation of midline to the right side, 23 mm mouth opening, unilateral posterior cross-bite on the right side, and 8 mm negative horizontal overjet. We acquired a 3-dimensional solid model of the patient. Determination of the anatomy of the surgical area, determination of the surgical access method, and other treatment planning were all done on the stereolithographic model. Based on the model evaluation, the tumor was conservatively resected and the condyle left intact, leaving no sequelae. All the preoperative problems were resolved except the midline deviation.

Vertical distraction osteogenesis of fibula transplant for mandibular reconstruction: a case report.

Bone continuity defects in the mandible are caused by tumor surgery, trauma, infection, or osteoradionecrosis. Today, reconstruction of long-span mandibular defects with a free fibular flap is a routine procedure. However the bone height of the mandible after reconstruction is about half that of the dentulous mandible. Therefore, the deficiency in bone height makes implant placement impractical. In our case, because it was necessary to restore the mandibular height, a vertical distraction osteogenesis was performed on the grafted mandible of the patient who was referred to our clinic with a reconstructed mandible owing to a gunshot injury. As a result, the vertical discrepancy between the fibula and the native hemimandible of the patient was corrected. And the placement of dental implants was performed without any complications. In conclusion, we believe that the vertical distraction osteogenesis of free vascularized fibula flaps is a reliable technique that optimizes implant positioning for ideal prosthetic rehabilitation.