Degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene in PAHs-contaminated soil using Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains isolated from oil spill sites.

Biodegradation of 3-ring and 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) model (fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene) were investigated. Twenty-seven bacterial strains were isolated from contaminated-site by oil spills. PAHs-degrading bacteria were screened to select high tolerant species for ensuring an efficient bioremediation. Each of the isolated bacterial strains was grown under different PAHs concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L). Among the 27 strains, 8 resulted to be resistant to high concentration level of PAHs (1500 mg/L) and thereof can use PAHs as sole source of carbon and energy. The most tolerant strains were molecularly identified using mass spectrometer MALDI-TOF VITEK MS and 16S rDNA sequencing approaches. The identified bacterial strains Pseudomonas stutzeri (P. stutzeri), Bacillus simplex (B. simplex) and Bacillus pumilus (B. pumilus) were used for the bioremediation experiment of soils contaminated by PAHs. The studies were conducted under controlled conditions using soil spiked with a mixture of the target PAHs and the three microcosm strains. The results revealed that only fluorene and phenanthrene, which are low molecular weight PAHs, were degraded efficiently within 72 days of test organism incubation. These degradations were about 65-86% and 86-95% for fluorene and phenanthrene, respectively. At the same time and conversely to fluorene and phenanthrene, the high molecular weight PAHs, pyrene and fluoranthene were recalcitrant to these selected microbial strains. The biodegradation kinetics of both fluorene and phenanthrene were fit a first order rate with R2 values ranging from 0.88 to 0.92. The half-lives of phenanthrene (2.4-2.7 days) and those of fluorene (3.5-4.6 days) were all less than 10 days, delineating therefore acclimatization with the strains.

Early diagenetic processes aspects controlling the mobility of dissolved trace metals in three riverine sediment columns.

The behaviour of Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni has been studied during early diagenesis in three different riverine sediments (Spierre, Lys and Sheldt). For that purpose (1) pore waters were extracted from sediment cores by centrifugation under nitrogen and further analyzed for the determination of total dissolved metal concentrations and (2) DET and DGT probes have been deployed in situ for the determination of high resolution profiles of labile and total dissolved metal concentrations. Furthermore, sulfidization processes have been examined; they revealed a production of pyrite near the water-sediment interface at Helkijn and Wervik sampling sites, probably due to a partial re-oxidation of reduced sulphur species. In Spierre sediments, where Eh values are the most negative, pyrite production should be mainly due to strict anaerobic processes. Concentrations of AVS in Spierre sediments are also very high and result in low TI values and low trace metal concentrations in the pore waters. Otherwise, in Wervik sediments, the low pH values combined to a TI value close to 0 results in the highest observed dissolved trace metal levels. DOS remains low at the three sites, since it does not exceed 0.4. In Wervik and Helkijn, the limitation is probably due to low sedimentary inputs of sulphate. In Spierre, sulphate is never exhausted in the pore water, suggesting a limitation of the DOS by a lack of bio-degradable organic matter. Values of Cd, Cu and Pb DGT concentrations remain low in pore waters whatever the site, due to their strong affinity with the reduced sulphur pool. It has also been demonstrated that the labile fractions of Pb and Cd are the lowest and do not exceed 0.5, while Co and Ni are the most available metals.

High resolution profiles of thallium, manganese and iron assessed by DET and DGT techniques in riverine sediment pore waters.

High resolution profiles of Mn, Tl and Fe concentrations have been assessed in the pore waters of river Leie sediments at Warneton and Menen (at the border of Belgium and France) by DET (Diffusive Equilibrium in Thin Films) and DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) techniques. The oxidized, solid Mn (IV), Tl (III) and Fe (III) compounds were reduced in the suboxic (+255 to -20 mV versus Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)) riverine sediments and since these reduced species are much more soluble also they are released into the pore waters. The highest DET (total dissolved) concentrations of Fe (76 mg l(-1)), Mn (2 mg l(-1)) were observed at the station of Menen, while Tl maxima differed only slightly between the 3 surveys (21 to 27 microg l(-1)). The average ratios of Fe/Mn/Tl in the pore waters at the 3 sampling stations are fairly constant for both the DET and DGT samplings. However, the results indicate that compared to Fe and Tl a greater proportion of the Mn measured by DET is accumulated by DGT, reflecting the ready supply of Mn from solid phase to solution.

High-resolution profiles of trace metals in the pore waters of riverine sediment assessed by DET and DGT.

The techniques of DET (diffusive equilibrium in thin films) and DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) were applied to obtain high-resolution vertical profiles of trace metals in freshwater sediments. In the framework of the EU-Interreg project Stardust (http://www.vliz.be/projects/stardust/) between France and Belgium, in which the mobility of sediment bound metals is investigated, sediment samples were collected from the Upper Scheldt River (at Helkijn, Belgium) and the Leie River (at Warneton, located at the Belgian-French border). Intra- and inter-laboratory comparisons of the gel techniques were carried out between the two laboratories involved. In general, a good agreement was observed, taking sediment heterogeneity into account. At both stations, metal pore water profiles show more or less similar tendencies although the sediment at Warneton was more anoxic than at Helkijn. A strong correlation between Fe and Co was found at Helkijn as well as at Warneton. The metal gradients at the water/sediment interface were calculated from the high resolution profiles and the conventional, low resolution profiles. Significant differences were observed.

Adsorption of zinc on natural sediment of Tafna River (Algeria).

The environmental impact of metal additions to sediment depends on its sorption ability. The paper presents a study of zinc adsorption using the experiment data on natural sediment of Tafna River in northwest of Algeria. The effect of various operating variables, namely initial concentration, mass of sediment, and contact time, have been studied. The optimum contact time needed to reach equilibrium is of the order of 30 min and is independent of initial concentration and mass of zinc ions. The extent of adsorption increases with increase of concentration, and with decrease of adsorbent mass. The content of carbonate in sediment increases the adsorption indicating the active support material towards zinc ions. A batch sorption model, which assumes the pseudo-second-order mechanism, is developed to predict the rate constant of the sorption, the equilibrium sorption capacity and the initial sorption rate with the effect of initial zinc ion concentration and sediment dose. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees , have been calculated. The thermodynamics of zinc ion/sediment system indicates spontaneous, endothermic and randomness nature of the process.

Multi-component adsorption of copper, nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon prepared from date stones.

The removal of Cu(2+), Ni(2+), and Zn(2+) ions from their multi-component aqueous mixture by sorption on activated carbon prepared from date stones was investigated. In the batch tests, experimental parameters were studied, including solution pH, contact time, initial metal ions concentration, and temperature. Adsorption efficiency of the heavy metals was pH-dependent and the maximum adsorption was found to occur at around 5.5 for Cu, Zn, and Ni. The maximum sorption capacities calculated by applying the Langmuir isotherm were 18.68 mg/g for Cu, 16.12 mg/g for Ni, and 12.19 mg/g for Zn. The competitive adsorption studies showed that the adsorption affinity order of the three heavy metals was Cu(2+) > Ni(2+) > Zn(2+). The test results using real wastewater indicated that the prepared activated carbon could be used as a cheap adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solutions.

Assessment of water quality and toxicity of polluted Rivers Fez and Sebou in the region of Fez (Morocco).

Water quality assessment in the region of Fez based on the physicochemical and ecotoxicological investigations is presented. The results indicate that sites located close to the most urbanized and industrialized areas are severely impaired. The major water quality problems are: low dissolved oxygen (DO), high turbidity, organic matter and ammonia contents, severe chromium and copper pollution and high acute and chronic toxicity. This results in the loss of the aquatic life which is still flourishing in the Fez River upstream from the Fez Medina. Remote sites downstream show signs of physicochemical recovery. However, even there, bioassays showed significant acute and chronic toxicity. Well water in the region of Fez has moderately poor water quality with nitrate and metal enrichments. Use of water for drinking or for agriculture from the rivers or from some wells without treatment may expose the population to health risk.

Chemical speciation of sulfur compounds in surface sediments from three bays (Fresnaye, Seine and Authie) in northern France, and identification of some factors controlling their generation.

The determination of total reduced sulfur, elemental sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfate and sulfite in porewaters--which were previously extracted from surface sediments collected in three bays, i.e. Seine, Fresnaye and Authie, located in northern France--has been undertaken using different electroanalytical techniques (linear sweep cathodic stripping voltammetry (LSCSV), square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry (SWCSV) and differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV)) at a static mercury drop electrode. Furthermore, the analyses of sulfur solids present in these sediments have been performed by sequential extraction procedures. Overall, the description of speciation of dissolved sulfur compounds and reduced sulfur solids has shown that the availability of sulfate and reactive iron, the sedimentation rate and probably even the nature and content of organic matter are important factors for controlling the sulfidisation and pyritisation processes involved in the different sedimentary systems studied. Thus, in the Seine-bay sediments, it has been found that reactive iron scavenges the most part of the generated sulfide as a result of a particularly activated sulfate reduction by bacterial activities; as a consequence, this precipitation limits the accumulation in the porewaters of reduced sulfur compounds such as elemental sulfur and polysulfides which ought to be generated in the redox boundary (where the oxydants, viz. oxygen, nitrate and metal oxides exist abundantly) through a partial oxidation of the H(2)S and HS(-) species. This process is further accentuated by a sedimentation rate measured in the Seine estuary. Conversely, in the Authie bay and, to a lesser extent, in the Fresnaye bay the contribution of the sedimentation rate and/or reactive iron scavenging to the sedimentary sulfur processes is weaker. This explains the increase of the built-up of dissolved reduced sulfur in the interstitial waters as well as the existence of elemental sulfur and polysulfides that permit the conversion of FeS into FeS(2).

Distribution of iron and manganese in the Seine river estuary: approach with experimental laboratory mixing.

The physico-chemical behaviour of iron and manganese has been observed during many surveys covering various hydrodynamic conditions in the Seine river estuary system. The results obtained confirm the non-conservative behaviour of these two metals. Generally, dissolved iron exhibits non-conservative removal and shows a rapid decrease in low salinity; it is moved from fresh waters with high concentrations to saline waters with very low concentrations. This can be attributed to the flocculation processes as confirmed by laboratory experiments. Dissolved manganese versus salinity curves exhibit a peak concentration in the low salinity zone. Laboratory mixing experiments have been undertaken comparing iron and manganese adsorption/desorption from suspended material versus salinity, using a series of water samples collected in the up-river and marine regions in order to assess the importance of particulate material and salinity on iron and manganese distributions. The salinity was controlled by varying the marine to fresh water ratio. The reaction kinetics aspect is developed in more detail for manganese in the last series of remobilization experiments starting from a stock of suspended particles collected in the upstream river site (Caudebec) in mixtures of waters, according to time and salinity. This study has allowed us to show that iron and manganese behaviour in the Seine estuary is strongly influenced: (i) by the high turbidity zone and by the presence of calcium carbonate which could stabilise the Mn(II) form; and (ii) by the increase of salinity, calcium, magnesium and suspended matter concentrations and by complex formation.