A test of the vulnerability-stress model with brooding and reflection to explain depressive symptoms in adolescence.

To date, few studies have attempted to test the effect of rumination and its components (brooding and reflection) on depression from a diathesis-stress approach, which involves an interaction between stressors and rumination. The purpose of this study was to assess whether rumination moderates the predictive association between stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The possible moderation effect of gender on the relationships between the two rumination components and depressive symptoms over time was also analyzed. It was hypothesized that brooding, both alone and in interaction with stressors, would predict an increase in depressive symptoms over time. In contrast, no main effects or similar interactions were expected for reflection. Finally, it was expected that the relationship between depressive symptoms and brooding would be higher in girls than in boys. A longitudinal study was carried out in three waves with a 6-month interval, in which a total of 998 adolescents (45 % female), aged between 13 and 17 years, completed measures of rumination, stressors, and depressive symptoms. The results showed that initial levels of stressors, brooding, and reflection predicted average levels of depressive symptoms over time. There was no significant interaction between rumination and stressors. Finally, brooding predicted depressive symptoms more strongly in girls than in boys. As a conclusion, these findings suggest that stressors and rumination components contribute separately to the development of depressive symptoms over time, and that brooding acts as a vulnerability factor for depression more strongly in girls than in boys.

Cognitive vulnerabilities as mediators between emotional abuse and depressive symptoms.

This study tested whether childhood parental emotional abuse and peer emotional bullying serve as antecedents of depression in adolescence and identified the cognitive mechanisms involved in this process. It was hypothesized that the experience of emotional abuse would predict depressive symptoms via development of rumination and negative inferences. A 3-wave longitudinal study was carried out with 998 adolescents (471 girls and 526 boys) between 13 and 17 years of age. Results showed that emotional abuse by parents and peers at Time 1 predicted a worsening of several cognitive vulnerabilities at Time 2. In addition, brooding mediated between the experiences of abuse and the increase of depressive symptoms at Time 3. Thus, findings suggest that the experiences of childhood emotional abuse by parents and peers serve as antecedents to develop a negative cognitive style, vulnerability that, once developed, is a risk factor for the onset of depressive symptoms in adolescence.

Rumiación, género y síntomas depresivos en adolescentes: Adaptación de la escala de respuestas rumiativas del cuestionario CRSS / Rumination, gender and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Adaptation of the ruminative scale of the CRSS questionnaire

El presente estudio se basa en la Teoría de los Estilos de Respuesta (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987, 1991). Los objetivos fueron adaptar a adolescentes españolas la escala de respuestas rumiativas del cuestionario Children´s Response Styles Scale (CRSS; Ziegert & Kistner, 2002) y evaluar si las diferencias de género en los componentes de la rumiación (rumiación negativ ay reflexión) explicaban las mayores puntuaciones en depresión de las chicas. Un total de 1188 adolescentes 8544 chicas y 644 chicos) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años completaron la escala de respuestas rumiativas así como medidas de depresión (CES-D; Radloff, 1977). El análisis factorial confirmó la existencia de un modelo de dos factores y presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas. Finalmente, los resultados mostraron que las diferencias de género en reflexión explicaban parcialmente las mayores tasas de depresión de las chicas adolescentes (AU)

This study is base don the Response Style Theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987, 1991). The aims were to adapt the ruminative responses scale of the Children´s Response Styles adolescents and to test whether gender differences in the components of rumination (brooding and reflection) account for the higher scores in depression among girls. A total of 1188 adolescents (544 girls and 644 boys), aged of 1188 adolescents (544 girls and 644 boys), aged between 12 and 18 years, completed the ruminative response scale and a measure of depressive symptoms (CES-D; Radloff, 1977). The factor analysis confirmed the two factor model and presented good internal consistency. Finally, the results showed that gender differences in reflection partially explained the higher depressive scores of adolescent girls (AU)