The effect of tablet computer-based telemonitoring added to an established telephone disease management program on heart failure hospitalizations: The Specialized Primary and Networked Care in Heart Failure (SPAN-CHF) III Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health applications are becoming increasingly common. Prior work has demonstrated reduced heart failure (HF) hospitalizations with HF disease management programs; however, few of these programs have used tablet computer-based technology. METHODS: Participants with a diagnosis of HF and at least 1 high risk feature for hospitalization were randomized to either an established telephone-based disease management program or the same disease management program with the addition of remote monitoring of weight, blood pressure, heart rate and symptoms via a tablet computer for 90 days. The primary endpoint was the number of days hospitalized for HF assessed at 90 days. RESULTS: From August 2014 to April 2019, 212 participants from 3 hospitals in Massachusetts were randomized 3:1 to telemonitoring-based HF disease management (n = 159) or telephone-based HF disease management (n = 53) with 98% of individuals in both study groups completing the 90 days of follow-up. There was no significant difference in the number of days hospitalized for HF between the telemonitoring disease management group (0.88 ± 3.28 days per patient-90 days) and the telephone-based disease management group (1.00 ± 2.97 days per patient-90 days); incidence rate ratio 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.43-1.58; P = .442). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of tablet-based telemonitoring to an established HF telephone-based disease management program did not reduce HF hospitalizations; however, study power was limited.

Cervical cancer screening among English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanic women in an urban safety net health system, 2015-2020.

BACKGROUND: The Hispanic population is heterogeneous with differences in health behaviors across subgroups by nativity and preferred language. We evaluated cervical cancer screening adherence among English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanic patients receiving care at a safety net health system. METHODS: Electronic health records were used to identify 46,094 women aged 30-65. Up to date (UTD) screening was defined based on date of last Pap test, human papillomavirus (HPV) test, or Pap/HPV co-test. RESULTS: Overall, 81.5% of 31,297 Hispanic women were UTD. English-speaking Hispanic women had a lower prevalence of being UTD when compared to Spanish-speaking Hispanic women (aPR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.93 - 0.96). Further, those with indigent healthcare plans had a higher prevalence of being UTD when compared to those with private insurance (aPR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.12), while all other health insurance plans were associated with lower UTD screening when compared to private insurance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest screening differences within the Hispanic population, highlighting the need for disaggregated research assessing heterogeneity within racial/ethnic groups, specifically among Hispanic populations.

The emerging infrastructure of US firearms injury data.

For every fatal shooting in the United States, detailed information from reports of coroners or medical examiners, police departments, and other sources is recorded in the National Violent Death Reporting System. There is no such system in place for nonfatal shootings, which far outnumber fatalities. Hospital data systems are in place that could, with some improvements, provide access to reliable local, state and national estimates of firearm injuries. Such estimates are possible because most firearms injuries are treated in hospitals, and hospitals routinely assign "external cause of injury" codes to all injury encounters. Federal health agencies supervise a number of data systems that centralize hospital data. Challenges currently being addressed are public access, timeliness, and accuracy of coding of intent. (Hospitals misclassify many firearm assaults as accidents.) Law enforcement agencies provide detailed data on shootings in criminal circumstances, including shootings that are not treated in a hospital. The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system aggregates data from agencies. The FBI instituted a radical reform of this system beginning in 2021, resulting in a sharp agency participation drop that prevents valid national estimates. The reform requires agencies to report incident-level data instead of summary counts, which is all that was required for the previous 90 years. There are ongoing efforts to increase participation in the new system and restore its former status as the leading source of national crime estimates. In the meantime, data on nonfatal gunshot cases are available from a number of police departments. We discuss additional reforms needed to generate timely, accurate, publicly accessible data from hospitals and police.

Open hardware microsecond dispersive transient absorption spectrometer for linear optical response.

An open hardware design and implementation for a transient absorption spectrometer are presented that has microsecond time resolution and measures full difference spectra in the visible spectral region from 380 to 750 nm. The instrument has been designed to allow transient absorption spectroscopy measurements of either low or high quantum yield processes by combining intense sub-microsecond excitation flashes using a xenon lamp together with stroboscopic non-actinic white light probing using LED sources driven under high pulsed current from a capacitor bank. The instrument is sensitive to resolve 0.15 mOD flash-induced differences within 1000 measurements at 20 Hz repetition rate using an inexpensive CCD sensor with 200 µm pixel dimension, 40 K electrons full well capacity and a dynamic range of 1800. The excitation flash has 230 ns pulse duration and the 2 mJ flash energy allows spectral filtering while retaining high power density with focussing to generate mOD signals in the 10-4-10-1 ΔOD range. We present the full electronics design and construction of the flash and probe sources, the optics as well as the timing electronics and CCD spectrometer operation and modification for internal signal referencing. The performance characterisation and example measurements are demonstrated using microsecond TAS of Congo red dye, as an example of a low quantum yield photoreaction at 2% with up to 78% of molecules excited. The instrument is fully open hardware and combines inexpensive selection of commercial components, optics and electronics and allows linear response measurements of photoinduced reactions for the purpose of accurate global analysis of chemical dynamics.

Time Use of Youth during a Pandemic: Evidence from Mexico.

Studying how the pandemic affects the education and work of adolescents is a critical question with long lasting implications for well-being of the next generation, particularly in the developing world. The Covid-19 pandemic by mid-March 2020 had led to the closing of most educational institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region has been one of the worst hit by the pandemic (Sanmarchi et al. 2021). This paper uses the Mexican National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE) to provide initial evidence on the pandemic's effects on school and work of youth. We measure changes in the time use of adolescents comparing patterns just before the pandemic (January to March 2020) with those at the beginning of the following school year (September 2020), controlling for pre pandemic trends and potential seasonality. Our study finds a sharp reduction in the probability of being engaged in studies during the previous week for youth age 12 to 18 during the pandemic, as well as a reduction of about 30 percent in total hours spent on studies for those who report spending at least one hour on studies in the previous week. Time in work in general shows fewer changes than in time dedicated to studies, with some reductions in the probability of working outside the home for older youth, and a small increase in the number of hours dedicated to work inside the household. Our results overall are suggestive of an important decrease in youth who are engaged with school, who may be at particular risk for abandoning school permanently. It also suggests that even for those who remain engaged, there is a reduction on time spent studying likely to lead to a decrease in learning. Policies to combat potential dropout and negative effects on learning of the pandemic are urgently needed.

Oncologic outcomes of endometrial cancer in patients with low-volume metastasis in the sentinel lymph nodes: An international multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess oncologic outcomes in endometrial cancer patients with low-volume metastasis (LVM) in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). METHODS: Patients with endometrial cancer and SLN-LVM (≤2 mm) from December 3, 2009, to December 31, 2018, were retrospectively identified from 22 centers worldwide. Patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IV, adnexal involvement, or unknown adjuvant therapy (ATx) were excluded. RESULTS: Of 247 patients included, 132 had isolated tumor cell (ITC) and 115 had micrometastasis (MM). Overall 4-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 77.6% (95% CI, 70.2%-85.9%); median follow-up for patients without recurrence was 29.6 (interquartile range, 19.2-41.5) months. At multivariate analysis, Non-endometrioid (NE) (HR, 5.00; 95% CI, 2.50-9.99; P < .001), lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) (HR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.45-7.31; P = .004), and uterine serosal invasion (USI) (HR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.44-9.54; P = .007) were independent predictors of recurrence. Among 47 endometrioid ITC patients without ATx, 4-year RFS was 82.6% (95% CI, 70.1%-97.2). Considering 18 ITC patients with endometrioid grade 1 disease, without LVSI, USI, or ATx, only 1 had recurrence (median follow-up, 24.8 months). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with SLN-LVM, NE, LVSI, and USI were independent risk factors for recurrence. Patients with any risk factor had poor prognosis, even when receiving ATx. Patients with ITC and grade 1 endometrioid disease (no LVSI/USI) had favorable prognosis, even without ATx. Further analysis (with more patients and longer follow-up) is needed to assess whether ATx can be withheld in this low-risk subgroup.

Low Rate of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women with Hematologic Malignancies after Stem Cell Transplant.

Annual cervical cancer screening with Papanicolaou (Pap) and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing after stem cell transplant (SCT) is recommended, but the uptake is unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of cervical cancer screening in patients with hematologic malignancies. We searched MarketScan Commercial Claims database for women who underwent allogeneic or autologous SCT. The primary outcome was cervical cancer screening, defined as procedures or abnormal results for HPV and/or Pap testing according administrative codes within 2 years after SCT. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted with cancer type, SCT year, age, geographic area, insurance plan, comorbidity, and presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).The study included 1484 patients; 1048 patients (70.6%) had autologous and 436 (29.4%) allogeneic SCT. Mean age was 52.5 years. Overall, 660 patients (44.5%) had screening within 2 years after SCT, 214 (49.1%) with allogeneic SCT and 446 (42.6%) with autologous SCT (P = .02). In the allogeneic SCT group, patients with GVHD had a lower rate of screening than patients without GVHD (42.5% versus 55.4%, P < .01), and GVHD was associated with lower odds of screening (odds ratio, .50; 95% confidence interval, .32 to .79). In the autologous SCT group, patients with comorbid medical conditions had a lower rate of screening than patients without comorbidity (36.0% versus 45.7%, P < .01). In both allogeneic and autologous SCT groups older patients had lower odds of screening. Cervical cancer screening rates after SCT are low, particularly in patients with GVHD, who are at significant risk of second malignancies. Future work is needed to develop strategies to increase uptake.

Health Insurance and the Aging: Evidence From the Seguro Popular Program in Mexico.

Aimed at covering the large fraction of workers in the informal sector without access to a social security program, the Mexican public health insurance program Seguro Popular began in 2002 and now reaches more than 50 million individuals. We estimate impacts of Seguro Popular for the population aged 50 and older on a set of indicators related to health care including utilization, diagnostic/preventive tests, and treatment conditional on being ill. Using the longitudinal Mexican Health and Aging Study over the period 2001-2012, we conduct before and after difference-in-difference matching impact estimators. Our results suggest large and important effects of the Program on utilization and diagnostic tests. We find overall smaller effects on the probability of being in treatment for individuals with chronic diseases, but these effects are concentrated in rural areas with relatively more health services versus rural areas with lower levels of health services. These results suggest that, to the extent that health services become more available in rural areas lacking services, effects of health insurance may increase.

Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin: a multicentre, multicohort, single-arm phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Malignant cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma are characterised by genetic alterations at the 9p24.1 locus, leading to overexpression of PD-1 ligands and evasion of immune surveillance. In a phase 1b study, nivolumab, a PD-1-blocking antibody, produced a high response in patients with relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, with an acceptable safety profile. We aimed to assess the clinical benefit and safety of nivolumab monotherapy in patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin. METHODS: In this ongoing, single-arm phase 2 study, adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with recurrent classical Hodgkin's lymphoma who had failed to respond to autologous stem-cell transplantation and had either relapsed after or failed to respond to brentuximab vedotin, and with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0 or 1, were enrolled from 34 hospitals and academic centres across Europe and North America. Patients were given nivolumab intravenously over 60 min at 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks until progression, death, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal from study. The primary endpoint was objective response following a prespecified minimum follow-up period of 6 months, assessed by an independent radiological review committee (IRRC). All patients who received at least one dose of nivolumab were included in the primary and safety analyses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02181738. FINDINGS: Among 80 treated patients recruited between Aug 26, 2014, and Feb 20, 2015, the median number of previous therapies was four (IQR 4-7). At a median follow-up of 8·9 months (IQR 7·8-9·9), 53 (66·3%, 95% CI 54·8-76·4) of 80 patients achieved an IRRC-assessed objective response. The most common drug-related adverse events (those that occurred in ≥15% of patients) included fatigue (20 [25%] patients), infusion-related reaction (16 [20%]), and rash (13 [16%]). The most common drug-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were neutropenia (four [5%] patients) and increased lipase concentrations (four [5%]). The most common serious adverse event (any grade) was pyrexia (three [4%] patients). Three patients died during the study; none of these deaths were judged to be treatment related. INTERPRETATION: Nivolumab resulted in frequent responses with an acceptable safety profile in patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma who progressed after autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin. Therefore, nivolumab might be a new treatment option for a patient population with a high unmet need. Ongoing follow-up will help to assess the durability of response. FUNDING: Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Altered activity in the central medial thalamus precedes changes in the neocortex during transitions into both sleep and propofol anesthesia.

How general anesthetics cause loss of consciousness is unknown. Some evidence points toward effects on the neocortex causing "top-down" inhibition, whereas other findings suggest that these drugs act via subcortical mechanisms, possibly selectively stimulating networks promoting natural sleep. To determine whether some neuronal circuits are affected before others, we used Morlet wavelet analysis to obtain high temporal resolution in the time-varying power spectra of local field potentials recorded simultaneously in discrete brain regions at natural sleep onset and during anesthetic-induced loss of righting reflex in rats. Although we observed changes in the local field potentials that were anesthetic-specific, there were some common changes in high-frequency (20-40 Hz) oscillations (reductions in frequency and increases in power) that could be detected at, or before, sleep onset and anesthetic-induced loss of righting reflex. For propofol and natural sleep, these changes occur first in the thalamus before changes could be detected in the neocortex. With dexmedetomidine, the changes occurred simultaneously in the thalamus and neocortex. In addition, the phase relationships between the low-frequency (1-4 Hz) oscillations in thalamic nuclei and neocortical areas are essentially the same for natural sleep and following dexmedetomidine administration, but a sudden change in phase, attributable to an effect in the central medial thalamus, occurs at the point of dexmedetomidine loss of righting reflex. Our data are consistent with the central medial thalamus acting as a key hub through which general anesthesia and natural sleep are initiated.

Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer.

BACKGROUND: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein, a T-cell coinhibitory receptor, and one of its ligands, PD-L1, play a pivotal role in the ability of tumor cells to evade the host's immune system. Blockade of interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 enhances immune function in vitro and mediates antitumor activity in preclinical models. METHODS: In this multicenter phase 1 trial, we administered intravenous anti-PD-L1 antibody (at escalating doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg per kilogram of body weight) to patients with selected advanced cancers. Anti-PD-L1 antibody was administered every 14 days in 6-week cycles for up to 16 cycles or until the patient had a complete response or confirmed disease progression. RESULTS: As of February 24, 2012, a total of 207 patients--75 with non-small-cell lung cancer, 55 with melanoma, 18 with colorectal cancer, 17 with renal-cell cancer, 17 with ovarian cancer, 14 with pancreatic cancer, 7 with gastric cancer, and 4 with breast cancer--had received anti-PD-L1 antibody. The median duration of therapy was 12 weeks (range, 2 to 111). Grade 3 or 4 toxic effects that investigators considered to be related to treatment occurred in 9% of patients. Among patients with a response that could be evaluated, an objective response (a complete or partial response) was observed in 9 of 52 patients with melanoma, 2 of 17 with renal-cell cancer, 5 of 49 with non-small-cell lung cancer, and 1 of 17 with ovarian cancer. Responses lasted for 1 year or more in 8 of 16 patients with at least 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Antibody-mediated blockade of PD-L1 induced durable tumor regression (objective response rate of 6 to 17%) and prolonged stabilization of disease (rates of 12 to 41% at 24 weeks) in patients with advanced cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal-cell cancer. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00729664.).

Long-term safety and efficacy of sapropterin: the PKUDOS registry experience.

The Phenylketonuria (PKU) Demographics, Outcomes and Safety (PKUDOS) registry is designed to provide longitudinal safety and efficacy data on subjects with PKU who are (or have been) treated with sapropterin dihydrochloride. The PKUDOS population consists of 1189 subjects with PKU: N = 504 who were continuously exposed to sapropterin from date of registry enrollment, N = 211 who had intermittent exposure to the drug, and N = 474 with some other duration of exposure. Subjects continuously exposed to sapropterin showed an average 34% decrease in blood phenylalanine (Phe)--from 591 ± 382 µmol/L at baseline to 392 ± 239 µmol/L (p = 0.0009) after 5 years. This drop in blood Phe was associated with an increase in dietary Phe tolerance [from 1000 ± 959 mg/day (pre-sapropterin baseline) to 1539 ± 840 mg/day after 6 years]. Drug-related adverse events (AEs) were reported in 6% of subjects, were mostly considered non-serious, and were identified in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and nervous systems. Serious drug-related AEs were reported in ≤ 1% of subjects. Similar safety and efficacy data were observed for children<4 years. Long-term data from the PKUDOS registry suggest that sapropterin has a tolerable safety profile and that continuous use is associated with a significant and persistent decrease in blood Phe and improvements in dietary Phe tolerance.

Sources of guns to dangerous people: what we learn by asking them.

Gun violence exacts a lethal toll on public health. This paper focuses on reducing access to firearms by dangerous offenders, contributing original empirical data on the gun transactions that arm offenders in Chicago. Conducted in the fall of 2013, analysis of an open-ended survey of 99 inmates of Cook County Jail focuses on a subset of violence-prone individuals with the goal of improving law enforcement actions. Among our principal findings: *Our respondents (adult offenders living in Chicago or nearby) obtain most of their guns from their social network of personal connections. Rarely is the proximate source either direct purchase from a gun store, or theft. *Only about 60% of guns in the possession of respondents were obtained by purchase or trade. Other common arrangements include sharing guns and holding guns for others. *About one in seven respondents report selling guns, but in only a few cases as a regular source of income. *Gangs continue to play some role in Chicago in organizing gun buys and in distributing guns to members as needed. *The Chicago Police Department has a considerable effect on the workings of the underground gun market through deterrence. Transactions with strangers and less-trusted associates are limited by concerns over arrest risk (if the buyer should happen to be an undercover officer or a snitch), and about being caught with a "dirty" gun (one that has been fired in a crime).

Model-based clinical pharmacology profiling of ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma.

AIM: Ipilimumab is a fully human, monoclonal antibody that blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. The objective of the present study was to characterize the clinical pharmacology profile of ipilimumab using a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) approach. METHODS: The PPK model was developed using 2095 ipilimumab serum concentration values from 499 patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma from four phase II studies, with ipilimumab doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg kg(-1) . The structural PK model was determined by developing a base PPK model. The effect of covariates on model parameters was assessed by a full covariate model, which incorporated all pre-specified covariate-parameter relationships into the base model. The final model was developed by backward elimination, followed by exclusion of covariates determined not to be of clinical relevance to ipilimumab, and was rigorously validated against both internal and external datasets. RESULTS: Ipilimumab PK was linear and time-invariant, with dose-proportional exposures over the available dose range, yielding a terminal half-life of approximately 15 days. Clearance of ipilimumab increased with increasing body weight and baseline serum lactate dehydrogenase concentrations, but was not affected by age, gender, concomitant budesonide, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status or prior systemic anticancer therapy. Furthermore, ipilimumab exposure was not affected by moderate renal impairment or mild hepatic impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Ipilimumab concentration-time data were well described by a linear, two compartment, zero order i.v. infusion model. The model confirms that a body weight-normalized dosing regimen is appropriate for ipilimumab therapy in patients with advanced melanoma.

'Choice, culture and confidence': key findings from the 2012 having a baby in Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander survey.

BACKGROUND: To describe the maternity care experiences of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women in Queensland, Australia and to identify areas for policy and practice improvements. METHODS: A culturally-tailored survey requesting both quantitative and qualitative information was completed by respondents either independently (online or in hard copy) or with the assistance of a trained peer-interviewer. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.Eligible women were over 16 years of age, identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, resided in Queensland, and had a live, singleton birth between the first of July 2011 and the first of July 2012. RESULTS: 187 women of 207 respondents were included in analyses. Women reported high rates of stressful life events in pregnancy, low levels of choice in place of birth and model of care and limited options to carry out cultural practices. High levels of confidence in parenting were also reported. Women were less likely to report being treated with kindness, understanding and respect by maternity care staff than women answering a similar mainstream survey. CONCLUSIONS: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have additional needs to mainstream Australian women. This study identified a number of recommendations to improve services including the need to enhance the cultural competence of maternity services; increase access to continuity of midwifery care models, facilitate more choices in care, work with the strengths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, families and communities, and engage women in the design and delivery of care.

Concealed Handgun License Laws and Concealed Handgun License Adoption, 2002-2019.

INTRODUCTION: National-level data suggest that gun owners in the United States carry concealed weapons in public at growing rates. This research investigates whether these trends are associated with state adoption of more permissive concealed carry licensing laws between 2002-2019. METHODS: Data was obtained from 31 U.S. states from 2002-2019. State-level rates of licenses issued, denied, and newly issued per 100,000 residents were calculated and compared across three state legal categories: 1) states that banned carrying concealed weapons and adopted a shall-issue law, 2) states with a may-issue law that adopted a shall-issue law and 3) states that made no changes to concealed carry licensing laws. Difference-in-differences methods were used to compare the rate of licenses newly issued and denied in ban to shall-issue states relative to states with no concealed carry licensing law change during the study timeframe. Data were analyzed in 2022-23. RESULTS: States that transitioned from a ban on concealed weapons carrying to shall-issue laws were positively associated (2-6%, SE=.11-.13) with additional new licenses relative to states that did not enact concealed carry licensing law changes. Ban to shall-issue law changes were also associated with denial of substantially more licenses (75-85%, SE=.24-.23). Further, states that transitioned from may-issue to shall-issue laws awarded fewer licenses than those transitioning from a concealed weapons ban to shall-issue laws. CONCLUSIONS: State-level concealed carry licensing may inform public health and safety policies as large restrictive U.S. states transition to more permissive concealed carry licensing laws.

Improving End-of-Life Care for Nursing Home Residents Using an Interprofessional Approach.

Interprofessional collaboration enhances quality end-of-life care leading to a dignified death. Hospice care uses an interdisciplinary approach to optimize quality of life and mitigate impacts of serious illness. Interventions to improve hospice care delivery have been proven to be effective, but little is known about nursing home staff preparedness, implementation of hospice education, and interprofessional communication. Research is limited on how hospice care can be implemented into the nursing home setting. The purpose of this study was to determine if education combined with a communication tool improved nursing home staff knowledge and improved communication with the hospice team. The descriptive study invited participants to take a preseminar and postseminar survey to assess end-of-life preparedness in terms of willingness, capability, and resilience. A communication tool was implemented to measure collaboration with the hospice team over 3 months. The results from this study suggest education combined with interprofessional communication improves end-of-life care.

Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Rare Entity.

Neuroendocrine tumors are typically low-malignancy growths arising from neuroectodermal cells of neural crest origin. Neuroendocrine carcinoma, on the other hand, represents a high-malignancy form of these tumors. While rare in the liver, they often indicate metastasis when present. We present a unique case of incidentally discovered primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Initially, the patient's management was based on misleading radiological findings. However, histopathology confirmed the diagnosis, with subsequent imaging ruling out an extrahepatic source. Despite this, the patient opted against surgical intervention, resulting in a fatal outcome. This case underscores the critical importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention to avert adverse outcomes.

A Novel Home for Hemangiomas: Sclerosing Hemangioma in the Pancreas.

Pancreatic hemangiomas, predominantly in female patients, are rare benign vascular tumors. We report a unique case of an incidentally discovered pancreatic sclerosing hemangioma. The patient's clinical presentation and imaging were concerning for an abdominal mass. Endoscopic ultrasound and histopathology confirmed the pancreatic sclerosing hemangioma. Because there were no complications, surgery was not performed, and the patient was monitored. Biopsy confirmation is crucial to rule out malignancy and avoid unnecessary surgical resection.

Do conditional cash transfers reduce hypertension?

Progresa, an anti-poverty conditional cash transfer program, has been a model for similar programs in more than 60 countries. Numerous studies have found positive impacts on schooling, the nutritional and health status of children and adolescents, and household consumption. However, the effects on the health of older adult beneficiaries have been particularly understudied. In this paper we analyze the effects of Progresa on middle-aged and older adult health, focusing on a high prevalence chronic condition: hypertension. Our results show that Progresa had significant benefits in terms of improved hypertension diagnosis and use of treatment drugs. However, we did not find significant changes in uncontrolled hypertension as measured by systolic and diastolic blood pressure biomarkers in household survey data. Thus, while cash transfer programs may facilitate financial access to healthcare visits and the ability to buy prescribed medicines, by itself the program might not improve hypertension outcomes without complementary healthcare system follow-up to ensure dosage titration and medication adherence.