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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology and product landscapes have changed considerably since onset of the pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics are available, but the continual emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants introduce limitations in our ability to prevent and treat disease. Project NextGen is a collaboration between the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, that is leveraging public-private partnerships to address gaps in the nation's COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic capabilities. Targeted investments will advance promising next-generation candidates through the most difficult phases of clinical development to encourage further private sector interest for later stage development and commercial availability. New commercial vaccines and therapeutics that are more durable and effective across variants will improve our fight against COVID-19 and transform our response to future threats.
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Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Parcerias Público-Privadas , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Estados Unidos , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos/tendências , Pandemias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) with WATCHMAN currently requires preprocedural imaging, general anesthesia, and inpatient overnight admission. We sought to facilitate simplification of LAAO. AIMS: We describe and compare SOLO-CLOSE (single-operator LAA occlusion utilizing conscious sedation TEE, lack of outpatient pre-imaging, and same-day expedited discharge) with the conventional approach (CA). METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis of 163 patients undergoing LAAO between January 2017 and April 2022 was conducted. The SOLO-CLOSE protocol was enacted on December 1, 2020. Before this date, we utilized the CA. The primary efficacy endpoint was defined as successful LAAO with ≤5 mm peri-device leak at time of closure. The primary safety endpoint was the composite incidence of all-cause deaths, any cerebrovascular accident (CVA), device embolization, pericardial effusion, or major postprocedure bleeding within 7 days of the index procedure. Procedure times, 7-day readmission rates, and cost analytics were collected as well. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in both cohorts. Congestive heart failure (37.5% vs. 11.1%) and malignancy (28.8% vs. 12.5%) were higher in SOLO-CLOSE. Median CHA2D2SVASc score was 5 in both cohorts. The primary efficacy endpoint was met 100% in both cohorts. Primary safety endpoint was similar between cohorts (p = 0.078). Mean procedure time was 30 min shorter in SOLO-CLOSE (p < 0.01). Seven-day readmissions for SOLO-CLOSE was zero. After SOLO-CLOSE implementation, there was a 188% increase in positive contribution margin per case. CONCLUSIONS: The SOLO-CLOSE methodology offers similar efficacy and safety when compared to the CA, while improving clinical efficiency, reducing procedural times, and increasing economic benefit.
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Apêndice Atrial , Fibrilação Atrial , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Sedação Consciente , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Alta do Paciente , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Idoso , Apêndice Atrial/diagnóstico por imagem , Apêndice Atrial/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Sedação Consciente/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Tempo , Fibrilação Atrial/terapia , Fibrilação Atrial/fisiopatologia , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico por imagem , Cateterismo Cardíaco/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo Cardíaco/instrumentação , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fatores de Risco , Readmissão do Paciente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
Rhodium-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation of diazoenals and N-alkyl imines resulted in N-alkyl-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde derivatives. The reaction involves thermal 6π-electrocyclization and aromatization of a new class of enal-azomethine ylides (EAYs). The EAYs derived from dihydroisoquinoline and 2H-azirine gave fused-pyrrole and pyridine derivatives, respectively. The synthetic importance of pyrrole products has been demonstrated by one-step synthesis of the biologically relevant pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline scaffold as well as pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline which is a core structure of lamellarin alkaloids.
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PURPOSE: Lateral compression (LC) injuries account for more than two-thirds of all pelvic fractures. The goal of surgical treatment is to provide adequate stability and early mobilization. The consensus on posterior fixation of such injuries is strong in the literature; however, the necessity of anterior ring fixation is not clear. Therefore, this study was formulated to determine the practicability of posterior-only fixation in LC injuries. METHODS: Between March 2015 and May 2020, all patients with LC type pelvic ring fractures who were admitted and operated upon in a single level 1 trauma center were included in this cross-sectional observational study. Demographic data, co-morbidities, treatment, types of surgical fixation, concomitant injuries and surgeries, surgical complications, length of hospital stay, injury to weight bearing duration, and follow-up period were documented. Functional outcome and quality of life were assessed using Majeed score and SF-36 questionnaire. Non-normally distributed data were presented as median (Q1, Q3) and normally distributed data were presented as mean ± SD. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were included, with a mean age of 29.8 years. All patients were managed operatively with posterior-only fixation. The median Majeed score was 90 (76, 95). The median physical component summary score was 69.37 (38.75, 85.62). The median mental component summary score was 63.95 (39.25, 87.87). There was no significant difference compared to population norms of both physical component summary and mental component summary. Injury to weight bearing time correlated significantly (p = 0.002) with Majeed score as well as SF-36 score (p = 0.044). No other variable had a significant association with outcomes. CONCLUSION: Posterior-only fixation is sufficient for fixing LC injuries with up to 80% of cases having good to excellent functional outcomes. However, comparative studies with larger sample sizes are needed for further validation.
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Background and Objectives: While studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cholangioscopy-guided Holmium-Yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy for the treatment of refractory bile duct stones, data regarding the safety of the operating parameters for laser lithotripsy are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine safe, yet effective, energy settings for Ho:YAG laser in the ex-vivo model. Materials and Methods: This ex vivo experimental study utilized the Ho:YAG laser on porcine bile duct epithelium and human gallstones. Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy was applied in different power settings from 8 to 15 Watts (W) to six explanted porcine bile ducts. Settings that appeared safe were then utilized to fragment seventy-three human gallstones. Results: The median bile duct perforation times with the Ho:YAG laser between 8-15 W were: >60 s (8 W); 23 s (9 W); 29 s (10 W); 27 s (12 W); 12 s (14 W); and 8 s (15 W). Statistically significant differences in the median perforation times were noted between 8 W vs. 15 W, 9 W vs. 15 W, 10 W vs. 15 W, and 12 W vs. 15 W (p < 0.05). When using a 365 µm Ho:YAG laser probe at 8-12 W, the fragmentation rates on various size stones were: 100% (<1.5 cm); 80-100% (1.6-2.0 cm) and 0-32% (>2.0 cm). Optimal fragmentation was seen utilizing 12 W with high energy (2.4 J) and low frequency (5 Hz) settings. Using a larger 550 µm probe at these settings resulted in 100% fragmentation of stones larger than 2 cm. Conclusions: The Ho:YAG laser appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of large bile duct stones when used between 8-12 W in 5 s bursts in an ex vivo model utilizing porcine bile ducts and human gallstones.
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Cálculos Biliares , Lasers de Estado Sólido , Litotripsia a Laser , Litotripsia , Humanos , Suínos , Animais , Cálculos Biliares/cirurgia , Lasers de Estado Sólido/uso terapêutico , Hólmio , Litotripsia a Laser/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Chaput fragment, a bony avulsion of the anterolateral margin of the distal tibia, is a less commonly discussed fracture pattern in ankle injuries. Its significance in ankle fractures and the optimal fixation technique remains unclear due to limited literature. This study aims to describe the morphology of ankle fractures with Chaput fragment and introduce a new classification system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 33 patients with ankle fractures with associated Chaput fragment treated at our institute over a 3-year period. Data on patient demographics, fracture classification, surgical approach, and fixation method were collected, and a novel classification system for Chaput fragments was proposed. RESULTS: Four distinct morphological types of Chaput fragment were identified (types 1-4), and three newer variants of trimalleolar fractures were identified (anterior, lateral, and medial variants). Type 1 refers to a small avulsion fragment attached to the anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament; Type 2 is an anterolateral oblique type; Type 3 refers to an anterolateral fragment with extension into the medial malleolus and Type 4 is a comminuted Chaput fragment. Type 1 Chaput fragment was the most prevalent (60.6%), followed by Type 2 (24.3%), Type 4 (9.1%), and Type 3 (6.1%). The fixation methods ranged from screw fixation, plate fixation, and suture fixation to combinations of these techniques or even indirect stabilization with syndesmotic screws. CONCLUSION: Our new classification system based on morphology includes all possible variants of Chaput fracture. This preliminary data needs to be corroborated by more studies and validated by a larger number of observers.
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Fraturas do Tornozelo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Humanos , Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Fraturas do Tornozelo/classificação , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Ankle fractures are one of the more common musculoskeletal injuries that are treated by foot and ankle specialists. A thorough understanding of managing these injuries requires the ability to differentiate between stable and unstable fractures. The current literature supports the nonoperative management of stable Weber B ankle fractures, whereas unstable fractures have much better outcomes with surgical intervention. Specifically, we review the fixation strategies for the lateral, medial, and posterior malleolar fractures respectively. Finally, we discuss the current trends in postoperative management of some of the more common fracture patterns, and the safety in early weight-bearing protocols.
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Fraturas do Tornozelo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fraturas do Tornozelo/terapia , Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Fixação de Fratura/métodos , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Suporte de Carga , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
Background: Anterior fracture dislocation of the shoulder may have associated injury to the glenoid labrum and/or capsule. There is a need to look at the possible patterns of capsulo-labral injuries intra-operatively and correlate them with pre-operative radiographs and CT scans. It can enable surgeons to predict the patterns of soft-tissue injuries in a specific fracture type. Methods: Patients operated for ORIF of 3- and 4-part anterior fracture dislocation between January 2017 and December 2022 were included in the study. The following data were collected: demographic details, fracture morphology and classification on radiograph and CT scan, neurovascular injury, the subtype of anterior dislocation, and intra-operative identifiable injury to glenoid labrum and/or capsule. Results: A total of 24 cases (mean age 40 ± 10 years) of anterior fracture dislocation of the shoulder were included in the study and were grouped based on Neer's classification. 12 patients had 3-part anterior fracture dislocation (3-part Group) with a mean age of 34 ± 9 years, while 12 patients had 4-part anterior fracture dislocation (4-part Group) with a mean age of 46 ± 7 years (p = 0.001). 10 out of 12 patients in the 3-part Group had the subcoracoid position of the dislocated head, whereas the head was present in 9 out of 12 patients of the 4-part Group at the preglenoid position (p = 0.003). The head position was at a mean distance of 1.85 cm from the anterior glenoid rim in the 4-part Group, whereas the head was engaged at the anterior rim of the glenoid in the 3-part Group. The medial metaphyseal beak was present in 11 out of 12 patients in the 3-part Group, whereas it was absent in all the cases of the 4-part Group (p = 0.001). 92% of the included patients in our study had capsulo-labral injury. 11 out of 12 patients in the 3-part Group had labral injury compared to 10 out of 12 patients in the 4-part Group with severe capsular stripping (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The 3-part fracture dislocation with radiological findings such as the long medial metaphyseal beak and subcoracoid position of the dislocated head had a strong association with a glenoid labral injury, whereas the 4-part fracture dislocation type had a widely displaced preglenoid position of the dislocated head with an absent metaphyseal beak and had a strong association with a capsular type of soft-tissue injury. Level of Evidence: III.
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BACKGROUND: Talar neck non-unions result in significant hindfoot deformity and morbidity and are infrequently reported in the literature. The optimal surgical management for this condition is evolving, with various authors reporting the results of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with bone grafting (BG), ankle fusion and modified Blair fusion. We performed this study to report the clinical and radiological outcomes of a cohort of talar neck non-unions managed by ankle joint preserving reconstruction. METHODS: This was an ambispective study which included 8 patients (7 male and 1 female) with talar neck non-unions. All patients underwent ORIF+BG through dual approaches. Additional medial malleolar osteotomy was done in 2 cases, and calcaneofibular split approach to the subtalar joint in 3. Adjunct subtalar fusion was done in 5 cases. Clinical and radiological evaluation was performed pre- and post-operatively. Functional outcomes were assessed by the Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOxFQ). RESULTS: The mean age of patients 32.3 ± 13.1 years. The mean surgical delay was 4.1 ± 1.7 months. As per Zwipp and Rammelt classification of post-traumatic talar deformities, 5 cases were classified as Type 3, 2 were Type 4, and 1 was Type 1. Union was achieved in 7 cases at a mean of 3.4 ± 1.3 months. One case had progressive collapse, which was managed by pantalar arthrodesis. All 3 cases where subtalar fusion was not performed primarily demonstrated subtalar arthrosis, but none required a secondary subtalar fusion. The MOxFQ score from 61.1 ± 10.1 to 41 ± 14.1 postoperatively (P = 0.005). The mean follow-up was 14.6 ± 6.8 months. CONCLUSION: ORIF+BG of the talar neck, with or without subtalar fusion has the potential to achieve solid union, correct the hindfoot deformity and improve functional outcomes. However, larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of this procedure.
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Articulação do Tornozelo , Transplante Ósseo , Fixação Interna de Fraturas , Fraturas não Consolidadas , Radiografia , Tálus , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Resultado do Tratamento , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Articulação do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Fraturas não Consolidadas/cirurgia , Fraturas não Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagem , Tálus/cirurgia , Tálus/diagnóstico por imagem , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Artrodese/métodos , Osteotomia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Consolidação da Fratura/fisiologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Fraturas do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clinical outcomes after fixation of distal humerus intraarticular fractures are directly related to the quality of reduction. The use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed fracture models can benefit preoperative planning to ensure good reduction. This review aims to determine if surgery performed with 3D printing assistance are faster and result in fewer complications and improved clinical outcomes than conventional methods. We also outline the benefits and drawbacks of this novel technique in surgical management of distal humerus fractures. METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out in various electronic databases. Search results were screened based on title and abstract. Data from eligible studies were extracted into spreadsheets. Meta-analysis was performed using appropriate computer software. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled trials with 144 cases were included in the final analysis. The 3D-printed group had significantly shorter mean operating time (mean difference, 16.25 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.74-19.76 minutes; P<0.001) and mean intraoperative blood loss (30.40 mL; 95% CI, 10.45-60.36 mL; P=0.005) compared with the conventional group. The 3D-printed group also tended to have fewer complications and a better likelihood of good or excellent outcomes as per the Mayo elbow performance score, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional-printing-assisted surgery in distal humerus fractures has several benefits in reduced operating time and lower blood loss, indirectly decreasing other complications such as infection and anemia-related issues. Future good-quality studies are required to conclusively demonstrate the benefits of 3D printing in improving clinical outcomes. Level of evidence: I.
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As the prevalence of leadless pacemaker systems increases, identifying various methodologies for retrieval of these devices in certain instances becomes even more paramount. We describe a case demonstrating the utility of a coronary guide catheter as part of an improvised sheath-in-sheath technique for the challenging retrieval of a Micra™ leadless pacing system (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA).
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Introduction: Elbow dislocations, particularly those associated with varus posteromedial rotary instability, are relatively uncommon. We present the case of a 25-year-old male initially managed nonoperatively for a posterior elbow dislocation, who subsequently experienced irreducible re-dislocation with characteristic fractures of the anteromedial facet and tip of the coronoid, indicative of varus posteromedial rotary instability. Case Report: Following an unsuccessful attempt at closed reduction under general anesthesia, open reduction was performed, revealing the interposition of the posterior capsule of the humero-ulnar joint as the cause of irreducibility. Fixation of the coronoid fracture was undertaken, and the patient exhibited excellent functional outcomes at a 4.5-year follow-up. Conclusion: This case underscores the rarity of irreducible elbow dislocation in the context of varus posteromedial rotary instability and highlights the crucial role of capsular interposition in such cases. Successful open reduction, coronoid fixation, and attentive postoperative care contributed to the patient's favorable long-term functional outcome.
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Purpose: The choice of entry point, Greater trochanter (GT), or Piriformis entry (PE) for antegrade intramedullary nailing (IMN) of the femur is crucial. This study was performed to compare these two entry points in the patients with shaft of femur fractures regarding intra-operative parameters, radiological and functional outcomes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients underwent GT entry nailing, while 25 patients underwent PE nailing. Surgical time, Intra-operative blood units transfused, Intra-operative fluoroscopy exposure by number of C-arm shots taken, mean drop in hemoglobin, and incidence of iatrogenic fracture were recorded. Patients were followed up at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months to look for radiological healing and improvements in functional outcome using Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS). MRI of bilateral hips with pelvis was done in 25 patients at 6 months of follow-up to detect any preliminary signs of AVN. Results: The mean drop in hemoglobin in the GT group was significantly lesser than the PE group (p = 0.02). Mean MHHS at 4 weeks post-op was also significantly higher in the GT group (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between both the groups regarding surgical duration, fluoroscopy exposure, radiological and functional outcomes in the long term. None of the patients who underwent MRI displayed any preliminary sign of AVN. Conclusion: GT entry nails lead to lesser surgical time, fluoroscopy exposure, and intra-operative blood loss. Both the nailing systems achieve excellent fracture unions and comparable functional outcomes in the long term, and there is a minuscule risk of AVN in adult patients undergoing IMN.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the systemic adverse effects of smokeless tobacco (SLT) on hematological as well as other biochemical parameters and find out if any correlation between them which may be worthy of creating awareness among the masses against its usage. The current observational study was carried out among 250 tobacco chewers, and complete hemogram, LFT profile, and electrolyte profile were studied. The mean values of hemoglobin (Hb) gram % was 12.74 ± 1.6, total leucocyte count (TLC/cu mm) is 6608.33 ± 1752.083, and platelet count lakh cell/cu mm is 2.55 ±0.806. The mean values of Na+ mmol/1 of the S. electrolyte profile was 132 ± 18.05 and K+ mmol/1 was 3.89 ± 0.538. The study deliberates imperative perception into smokeless tobacco-mediated effects on body systemic functions and reports a crucial part into SLT-mediated effects on biochemical profile and metabolism which can be revealed in promoting tobacco cessation.
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Background: Confusion persists regarding the ideal dosage of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of 2 different single-injection PRP dosages in patients with early knee OA-a conventional 4 mL dose and a superdose of 8 mL. It was hypothesized that 8 mL of PRP would be superior to 4 mL of PRP in this patient population. Study Design: Randomized clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Patients with early knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 1 and 2) who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group A (n = 50 knees) received a 4-mL PRP injection, and group B (n = 49 knees) received an 8-mL PRP injection, both prepared using the same procedure. Patients were evaluated at the baseline, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), the WOMAC-Pain subscale, the visual analog scale for pain, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and patient satisfaction, and results were compared between the groups. Results: The baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were comparable (group A: mean age, 51.96 ± 6.93 years; group B: mean age, 49.12 ± 9.8 3 years). Leucocyte-depleted PRP with 3.5 times concentration (final product platelet concentration, 706.74 × 103-µL) was injected. The mean absolute platelet count injected was 2.82 ± 0.0012 billion in group A and 5.65 ± 0.0022 billion in group B. All patient-reported outcome scores improved significantly in both groups from the baseline to the final follow-up (P < .001), with overall trends and results significantly better in group B than in group A (P < .001). Patient satisfaction at the 6-month follow-up was also better in group B (96%) compared with group A (68%). Short (2 to 7 days) self-limiting complications, such as pain and stiffness, occurred more often in group B (P < .001). Conclusion: Patients with early knee OA had significantly better improvement in pain and function when treated with an 8-mL injection of PRP compared with a 4-mL injection of PRP. The larger dose of PRP had approximately twice the number of platelets. Registration: CTRI/2020/02/023403 (Clinical Trials Registry-India identifier).
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Background: In addition to other variables associated with PRP injections for Knee Osteoarthritis (OA), some confusion exists about the role of exogenous activators. The current study looks at matched groups getting PRP injections with or without activator (Calcium gluconate) in early knee OA patients. Methods: Patients of early OA knee meeting inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 2 groups; Group A (43 patients) received 8 ml PRP injection alone, and Group B (48 patients) received 8 ml PRP along with 2 ml Calcium gluconate as activator. The patients were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months for WOMAC Pain and Total WOMAC scores; secondary variables assessed were VAS score and patient satisfaction. Results: The baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable. Leucocyte-depleted PRP with 5 times concentration and average absolute platelet numbers of 7.144 billion per knee was injected. Mean Pain WOMAC scores decreased in both groups from baseline (group A-8.68, group B-9.09) to final follow-up (group A-4.67, group B-5.11). Similarly, Mean Total WOMAC scores decreased from baseline (group A-37.81, group B-37.41) to (group A-21, group B-21.36) at the final follow-up in both groups. There was no significant difference between both groups, and both showed similar trends. Similar findings were noted for VAS scores. Patient satisfaction was also not different (group A, 90.69%, group B, 89.58%) at the end of 6 months. Conclusion: Our study concluded doubtful role of adding exogenous activator to PRP preparation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-024-01159-7.
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Purpose of the Study: The evaluation of anti-apoptotic and chondroprotective properties of a single injection of PRP using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: This was a placebo-controlled blinded experimental study. Ten healthy Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were selected. One knee of each animal was injected with a single injection of PRP (Group A); the contralateral knee acted as a control and was injected with a single injection of normal saline (Group B). These groups were further divided into A3 and B3 based on the timeline of animal sacrifice (3 months) and A6 and B6 (6 months). The formalin-preserved articular cartilage blocks were subjected to IHC to stain Aggrecan, Caspase-3, and Collagen-2. Results: The mean IHC score was significantly low for Caspase-3 (p-0.029) in intervention group (A3) in comparison to placebo control group (B3) pointing towards decreased apoptosis. The mean IHC values were significantly higher for Collagen II (p-0.011) for intervention group (A6) in contrast to control group (B6); values were also significantly low for Caspase-3 (p-0.029) in A6 as compared to B6. The mean Caspase-3 values were significantly higher in A6 as compared to A3 (p-0.029). Conclusion: The impact of a solitary injection of PRP on upregulation of anabolic pathways inside cartilage is relatively slower as compared to its effect on downregulation of apoptotic pathways. Even a single PRP injection holds the potential to change cartilage microenvironment, but the effects are not long lasting.
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Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [VV-ECMO] has gained increasing notoriety during the COVID-19 pandemic as a salvation therapy for fulminant respiratory failure. Various configurations can present unique challenges in management. For instance, the ProtekDuo cannula is a 29Fr to 31Fr dual-lumen cannula inserted by way of the right internal jugular vein that allows for right atrium to pulmonary artery bypass with an attached oxygenator, essentially resulting in VV-ECMO. Understanding that these different configurations inevitably dictate the types of complications that can arise during the circuit implantation and management is imperative. However, in a hemodynamically unstable patient, time or resources may not permit standard maneuvers for management. In conclusion, we present an innovative, percutaneous approach which allowed the restoration of flow and oxygenation in a decompensating ProtekDuo patient without having to explant/disconnect the circuit or implant a new VV-ECMO circuit.
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COVID-19 , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Humanos , Cânula , Pandemias , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/terapiaRESUMO
Understanding the three-dimensional anatomy of the talar neck is essential in assessing the accuracy of reduction in talar neck fractures as well as for planning surgical correction for talar malunions. However, the geometrical parameters that describe this anatomy are sparsely reported in the orthopedics literature. We aimed to identify from the existing literature, geometrical parameters that describe the anatomy of the talar neck, determine how these are measured, and their normative values. A scoping literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The primary searches were conducted on the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. Any original research study looking at the human talus neck geometry was included. Parameters that described the anatomy of the talar neck were identified, and pooled estimates were determined by the random-effects meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 test and leave-one-out meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was done to compare the values of parameters between the Asian and Non-Asian populations. The risk of bias was assessed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Case Series Tool. The combined searches yielded 6326 results, of which 21 studies were included in the review and 15 in six different sets of metanalysis. The majority of the studies (n=19, 90.5%) evaluated adult tali, and only two (9.5%) evaluated pediatric tali. In most of the studies (n=13, 61.9%), talus neck geometry was evaluated on dry bones or anatomical specimens; evaluation by imaging techniques (radiographs, CT, MRI, and radiostereometric analysis) was used in eight studies, (39.1%). A total of eight different geometrical parameters (neck length, height, width, declination angle, inclination angle, torsion angle, circumference, and cross-sectional area) were identified. Except for talar torsion, variability was noted in methods of measurement of all other parameters. Subgroup analysis revealed that Asians had a higher neck height as compared to non-Asians; other parameters were not significantly different. Although the literature reports geometrical parameters to assess the talar geometry, the methods of measurement of these parameters are variable. Most of the available literature describes measurement techniques on cadaveric tali, and there is no literature on how these parameters should be measured on conventional CT or MRI slices. Further research needs to focus on the standardization of measurement techniques for these parameters on conventional CT and/or MRI scans.