Dimensional Accuracy of Two-Step Impressions Relined with Extra-Light Addition Silicone Material.

Objectives: Some small defects may remain in the impression after making a two-step putty-light body impression. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of 2-step and relined 2-step (3-step) putty-light body impressions. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 30 impressions were made with putty, light body, and extra-light body addition silicone materials using the 2-step and 3-step impression techniques (N=15). An epoxy resin master model was made duplicating a maxillary typodont with left first premolar and first molar teeth prepared with a shoulder finish line and truncated pyramidal-shaped indices in the mid-palate and third molar sites. In addition to creating a reference digital model by scanning the master model, 30 master casts were scanned to produce digital models. The anteroposterior (AP) and cross-sectional (CS) dimensional accuracy of the models were compared with the master model using linear measurements. Moreover, tooth size measurements were made and compared using the root mean square (RMS). Two-sample t-test was applied to analyze the data (α=0.05). Results: The mean AP and RMS differences between the two study groups were not significant (P>0.05). However, the CS difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.001), and the 3-step impression technique showed smaller discrepancies in comparison to the master model. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in accuracy of the two techniques for single-unit and multiple-unit preparations. The 3-step impression technique had a higher CS dimensional accuracy.

Investigation of the effects of arch size and implant angulation on the accuracy of digital impression using two intraoral scanners: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of arch size and implant angulation on the accuracy of digital impression in two intraoral scanners of Trios (3shape) and CEREC (Omnicam). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four acrylic models each including six implants at sites 11, 12, 15, 17, 23, and 27 were used, including large with parallel implants, large with angled implants, small with parallel implants, and small with angled implants. After tightening the scan bodies, distance measurements were done using a coordinate measuring machine. Then, each model was scanned 10 times using each scanner. Trueness and precision measurements were finally computed. RESULTS: The trueness values ranged from 20 to 260 µm in CEREC Omnicam, and from 40 to 1030 µm in Trios. The precision values ranged from 30 to 190 µm in CEREC Omnicam, while from 50 to 770 µm in Trios. The multivariate test analysis indicated that the measured distances via two scanners and different models show different behaviors. Pairwise interactions between these three variables were significant (p < .05). Pairwise interactions between these variables were also significant. (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Arch width could affect the accuracy of digital impression; by rotating toward the second quadrant and end points of the scan, errors have increased. However, the angulation of the implants had no effect on the accuracy of digital impression. The CEREC Omnicam scanner showed higher accuracy (trueness and precision) compared to the Trios (3shape) one.

Effect of Repeated Use of Different Types of Scan Bodies on Transfer Accuracy of Implant Position.

Statement of the Problem: Some components of implant treatment are reusable. Therefore, possible changes during fixation, removal, and sterilization process should be tested. Many studies have examined the reuse of implant parts, but the impact of repeated use of scan bodies on the accuracy of implant position has not been well investigated. Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of repeated use of two different types of scan bodies on the accuracy of implant position. Materials and Method: In this in vitro experimental study, two acrylic resin maxillary models, each with two implant analogues inserted at the site of missing first and second molars were used. Two types of scan bodies including titanium and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) were used for digital impression. Then they were ten times removed and autoclaved for sterilization. The first scan was considered as a reference to be compared with the other next nine scans. Values of linear distance between two scan bodies, diameter changes of each scan body, and three-dimensional linear displacement (ΔR) were measured. These values were compared between the two types of scan bodies using t-test (α=.05). Results: There was significant difference between titanium and PEEK scan bodies regarding inter-implant distance variation (p=.006) and diameter change (p< .001) in repeated use. However, for the ΔR, there was no significant difference between them (p= 0.759). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that type of scan body could affect the accuracy of implant position transfer after repeated use. PEEK scan body performed better after 9 cycles of reuse in comparison with titanium scan body.

Comparative Evaluation of the Internal and Marginal Adaptations of CAD/CAM Endocrowns and Crowns Fabricated from Three Different Materials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the internal and marginal adaptations of chairside CAD/CAM (CEREC) endocrowns and crowns fabricated from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic (VITA Suprinity), and hybrid ceramic (VITA Enamic). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental models of the two first maxillary molars were selected. One was prepared for an endocrown, and the other for a standard all-ceramic crown. A total of 72 CAD/CAM restorations, including 36 endocrowns and 36 crowns made of IPS e.max CAD, VITA Suprinity, and VITA Enamic (n = 12 each), were fabricated. Discrepancies were measured in the buccal, mesial, lingual, and distal aspects of three sites (marginal, mid-axial wall, and occlusal/floor) using the noncontact ATOS scanner. Statistical analysis was performed using MANOVA and between-subject effects tests (α = .05). RESULTS: Mesial axial wall discrepancy was significantly lower in endocrowns compared to occlusal discrepancy in crowns, while distal axial wall discrepancy was significantly higher. Moreover, floor discrepancy was found to be significantly lower in endocrowns compared to crowns. However, type of material had no significant effect on any kind of discrepancy. CONCLUSION: The marginal and internal adaptation values were within a clinically acceptable range for both kinds of restoration and all three materials. However, restoration type (crown vs endocrown) was significantly different in the mesial and distal axial wall and occlusal/floor discrepancies, regardless of restoration material.

Evaluating the effect of repeated use of milling burs on surface roughness and adaptation of digitally fabricated ceramic veneers.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate how repeated use of milling diamond burs with different coarseness affects surface roughness, and marginal and internal adaptation of CAD/CAM veneers. METHODS: Forty leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic veneers were milled in 2 groups based on the milling mode (with fine or extra-fine bur sets). In each group, every 10 veneers were milled with a new bur set. All veneers were cemented to bovine teeth and then polished. Labial surface roughness was measured before cementation, and after polishing. Marginal and internal discrepancies were measured using a field emission scanning electron microscope. Three-way and two-way mixed repeated measures ANOVA were applied to assess changes in surface roughness values of veneers and discrepancy values, respectively. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Repeated use of a milling diamond bur set had a significant effect on surface roughness of the veneers (P < .001). Mean surface roughness of the fine milling mode was significantly higher in comparison to that of extra-fine mode before (P = .002) and after (P = .01) polishing. After polishing a significant decrease in surface roughness occurred in fine (P = .02), but not in extra-fine milling mode (P = .99). Repeated use of milling burs significantly affected marginal and internal adaptation between some repeated uses. CONCLUSIONS: Marginal and internal adaptation were significantly affected by repeated use of milling diamond burs up to 10 times between some repeated uses. However, no specific pattern could be established. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Repeated use of milling burs could affect surface roughness, surface microcracks, critical defects, and adaptation of CAD/CAM restorations. Therefore, it plays a major role in clinical success of the restorations.

Effect of Repeated Screw Joint Closing and Opening Cycles and Cyclic Loading on Abutment Screw Removal Torque and Screw Thread Morphology: Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of repeated screw joint closing and opening cycles and cyclic loading on abutment screw removal torque and screw thread morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups (n = 10 in each group) of implant-abutment-abutment screw assemblies were created. There were also 10 extra abutment screws as new screws in group 3. The abutment screws were tightened to 12 Ncm with an electronic torque meter; then they were removed and removal torque values were recorded. This sequence was repeated 5 times for group 1 and 15 times for groups 2 and 3. The same screws in groups 1 and 2 and the new screws in group 3 were then tightened to 12 Ncm; this was also followed by screw tightening to 30 Ncm and retightening to 30 Ncm 15 minutes later. Removal torque measurements were performed after screws were subjected to cyclic loading (0.5 × 106 cycles; 1 Hz; 75 N). Moreover, the surface topography of one screw from each group before and after cyclic loading was evaluated with SEM and compared with an unused screw. RESULTS: All groups exhibited reduced removal torque values in comparison to insertion torque in each cycle. However, there was a steady trend of torque loss in each group. A comparison of the last cycle of the groups before loading showed significantly greater torque loss value in the 15th cycle of groups 2 and 3 compared with the fifth cycle of group 1 (P < .05). Nonetheless, torque loss values after loading were not shown to be significantly different from each other. CONCLUSION: Using a new screw could not significantly increase the value of removal torque. It was concluded that restricting the amount of screw tightening is more important than replacing the screw with a new one when an abutment is definitively placed.

Implant assisted ortho-surgery in edentulous jaws: a clinical report.

The severely atrophy of jaws often complicates ideally oral reconstruction of esthetics and functionality, and necessitates different preprosthetic surgeries including bone grafting, ortho-surgery, and implant insertion. The mentioned procedures could be done within different approaches. This report describes the management of an edentulous case by implant insertion before orthognathic correction.