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1.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl ; 61(35): e202203694, 2022 Aug 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35790060

RESUMO

Electro-reductive radical cyclisation of aryl halides affords the corresponding hetero- and carbo-cycles in an undivided flow reactor equipped with steel and carbon electrodes using an organic mediator. A dissolving metal anode is not needed, and the mediator can be employed in a sub-stoichiometric amount (0.05 equiv), increasing the practical utility of cathodic radical cyclisation. The methodology is applied to O-, N-, and C-tethers, yielding tricyclic fused and spiro systems. In the absence of mediator, the major pathway is hydrogenolysis of the C-X bond, a 2 e- process occurring at the cathode. Predominance of the radical pathway in presence of a strongly reducing mediator (M) is consistent with homogeneous electron-transfer in a reaction layer detached from the cathode surface, where the flux of M.- leaving the electrode is such that little aryl halide reaches the cathode.

2.
Int J Environ Health Res ; 28(4): 341-357, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29932732

RESUMO

Household dust contains an array of constituents, including house dust mites (HDM) and the HDM allergen, Der p 1, which can cause sensitivities such as asthma and eczema. Vacuuming can help alleviate symptoms, yet little is understood about cleaning behaviour in different households. This pilot study investigated the contents of dust from four household types (students; over 65 s; and families with and without pets). This was then related to cleaning behaviours and perceptions of cleanliness. Our investigation found that HDMs and Der p 1 were present in all households and sampling locations, including participants' cars. The median Der p 1 was greatest in the living room, though results varied. Demographic group was a determinant for the number of human and pet hairs present in dust. Surprisingly, vacuuming was the most disliked task overall. This information requires consideration when developing cleaning products and advising individuals with dust-related health issues.


Assuntos
Alérgenos/análise , Antígenos de Dermatophagoides/análise , Proteínas de Artrópodes/análise , Cisteína Endopeptidases/análise , Poeira/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Cabelo , Habitação , Humanos , Higiene , Percepção , Animais de Estimação , Pyroglyphidae , Inquéritos e Questionários
3.
Virulence ; 15(1): 2313413, 2024 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38357909

RESUMO

Over the last 20 years, the larva of the greater waxmoth, Galleria mellonella, has rapidly increased in popularity as an in vivo mammalian replacement model organism for the study of human pathogens. Experimental readouts of response to infection are most often limited to observing the melanization cascade and quantifying larval death and, whilst transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, and methods to determine microbial load are also used, a more comprehensive toolkit of profiling infection over time could transform the applicability of this model. As an invertebrate, Galleria harbour an innate immune system comprised of both humoral components and a repertoire of innate immune cells - termed haemocytes. Although information on subtypes of haemocytes exists, there are conflicting reports on their exact number and function. Flow cytometry has previously been used to assay Galleria haemocytes, but protocols include both centrifugation and fixation - physical methods which have the potential to affect haemocyte morphology prior to analysis. Here, we present a method for live haemocyte analysis by flow cytometry, revealing that Galleria haemocytes constitute only a single resolvable population, based on relative size or internal complexity. Using fluorescent zymosan particles, we extend our method to show that up to 80% of the Galleria haemocyte population display phagocytic capability. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed assay reliably replicates in vitro data, showing that cell wall ß-1,3-glucan masking by Candida albicans subverts phagocytic responses. As such, our method provides a new tool with which to rapidly assess phagocytosis and understand live infection dynamics in Galleria.


Assuntos
Mariposas , Proteômica , Animais , Humanos , Larva , Fagocitose , Fagócitos , Mamíferos
4.
IUCrJ ; 10(Pt 4): 497-508, 2023 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37409807

RESUMO

Utilization of the crystalline sponge {[(ZnI2)3(tpt)2·x(solvent)]n} method has enabled characterization of a novel family of synthetic organic oils. The systematic structural differences and diversity of functional groups offered by 13 related molecular adsorbates provide a detailed quantitative understanding of the relationship between the guest structure, its conformation, and the type of intermolecular interactions adopted with neighbouring guests and the host framework. This analysis is extended to assess the connection of these factors to the resulting quality indicators for a particular molecular structure elucidation.


Assuntos
Bandagens , Preservativos Femininos , Feminino , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Alimentos , Solventes
5.
JBI Evid Synth ; 19(9): 2052-2154, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33927089

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to identify and explore the barriers to and facilitators of learning and preparedness for clinical practice among undergraduate paramedicine students, graduate/intern paramedics, and their preceptors. INTRODUCTION: The educational landscape for paramedicine has evolved considerably since the introduction of the first paramedicine bachelor degree. A need to identify the contemporary barriers to and facilitators of learning within the context of early career training in paramedicine education is needed. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Participants were undergraduate paramedicine students, graduate/intern paramedics, newly qualified UK paramedics and their preceptors within Australia, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Published and unpublished studies utilizing qualitative research designs were considered. Studies published in English since 1994 were considered for inclusion. METHODS: Five bibliographic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, Embase, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) were searched in 2018. A search of websites relevant to paramedic learning and a hand search of paramedicine journals were also undertaken in 2019.All studies identified from the search were examined against the inclusion criteria. Papers selected for inclusion were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological quality prior to inclusion in the review.Qualitative research findings were extracted and pooled. Findings were assembled and categorized based on similarity in meaning. These categories were then subjected to a meta-synthesis in order to produce a single comprehensive set of synthesized findings. The final synthesized findings were graded according to the ConQual approach for establishing confidence in the output of qualitative research synthesis. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included in the review. Eleven studies used semi-structured interviews, five used open-ended interviews, and 10 used focus groups. The total sample size was 564 participants. Sixteen studies focused on undergraduate paramedicine students, four involved paramedic preceptors, two focused on paramedic educators at paramedicine universities, and four included undergraduate paramedicine students and their preceptors. A total of 295 findings were extracted and grouped into 28 categories, which were grouped into five synthesized findings: the role of mentoring/preceptorship, opportunities to develop emotional intelligence and communication skills, the role of non-traditional placements/experiences, the role of non-traditional classroom teaching methods, and preparedness for practice. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of education models exist with associated barriers and facilitators that impact on paramedicine students, graduate paramedics, and preceptors. The findings emphasize the importance of the preceptor to student learning and the need to develop students' skills/capacity to manage the emotional side of paramedic practice. Paramedicine students and paramedic graduates were found to be underprepared to effectively communicate with patients, families, and other professionals. Most of these barriers could be mitigated by use of non-traditional placements/experiences and non-traditional teaching methods. The introduction of a paramedic facilitator model was shown to have considerable benefits, suggesting that the introduction of a national model similar to other allied health models may be beneficial. The findings indicate a need for more effective communication between the education sector and industry with regard to the challenges in paramedicine education and which models best facilitate learning, development, and preparedness for clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019119336.


Assuntos
Pessoal Técnico de Saúde , Aprendizagem , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Preceptoria , Estudantes
6.
BMJ Open ; 10(2): e033447, 2020 02 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32114468

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review is to systematically map the literature to identify the scope, depth, key concepts and gaps in the evidence regarding care of the patient with invasive meningococcal disease by emergency medical service (EMS) clinicians. DESIGN: Scoping review. This review is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews reporting guideline. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Sources which focused on patients with invasive meningococcal disease (population), where the care of EMS clinicians was the focus (concept), in EMS systems worldwide (context) were eligible for inclusion. SEARCH STRATEGY: This review utilised a comprehensive search strategy including MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and 'grey' literature databases from 1992 to January 2019. The search also included a Google search, a hand-search of relevant journals, screening of reference lists, contact with authors of included sources and use of social media in an attempt to locate all sources of evidence which fit the inclusion criteria of the review. Two reviewers independently screened sources for inclusion. RESULTS: The search yielded 1803 unique records, of which 10 were included in the synthesis. No original research papers were identified, with all sources classed as either clinical audit or text and opinion literature. The dominant concept throughout the literature is that early antibiotic therapy is critical in the treatment of invasive meningococcal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there is a very narrow scope and shallow depth of literature on the topic of interest. There are gaps in the evidence regarding the care of the patient with invasive meningococcal disease by EMS clinicians. Despite these shortfalls, current consensus-based guidelines should direct clinical practice. Further research is planned to bridge the gaps in knowledge to support best practice.


Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Infecções Meningocócicas , Humanos , Infecções Meningocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Meningocócicas/terapia
7.
Emerg Med Australas ; 32(3): 438-445, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31840407

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to examine variations in paramedic care of the agitated patient, including verbal de-escalation, physical restraint and sedation, provided by ambulance services in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS: To examine the care of agitated patients, we first identified and reviewed all clinical practice guidelines for the management of agitated patients in Australian and New Zealand ambulance services between September and November 2018. We then conducted a structured questionnaire to obtain further information on the training, assessment and care of agitated patients by the ambulance services. Two authors extracted the data independently, and all interpretations and results were reviewed and confirmed by relevant ambulance services. RESULTS: There were 10 independent clinical practice guidelines for the care of agitated patients in the 10 ambulance services. All services reported training in the management of agitated patients, and two services used a validated tool to assess the level of agitation. All services used physical restraint, although six services required police presence to restrain the patient. All ambulance services used some form of sedation, typically divided into the management of mild to moderate, and severe agitation. The most common agent for sedation was midazolam, while ketamine was the most common agent for sedating severely agitated patients. The maximum dose was varied, and contraindications for sedating agents varied between services. CONCLUSIONS: There were wide variations across the ambulance services in terms of the assessment of agitation, as well as the use of physical restraint and sedation.


Assuntos
Ambulâncias , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Austrália , Humanos , Nova Zelândia , Agitação Psicomotora/terapia
8.
Mol Cell Biol ; 26(5): 1710-21, 2006 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16478992

RESUMO

Polyadenylation in eukaryotes is conventionally associated with increased nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNAs. In contrast, recent studies suggest that the Trf4 and Trf5 proteins, members of a widespread family of noncanonical poly(A) polymerases, share an essential function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that involves polyadenylation of nuclear RNAs as part of a pathway of exosome-mediated RNA turnover. Substrates for this pathway include aberrantly modified tRNAs and precursors of snoRNAs and rRNAs. Here we show that Cid14 is a Trf4/5 functional homolog in the distantly related fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Unlike trf4 trf5 double mutants, cells lacking Cid14 are viable, though they suffer an increased frequency of chromosome missegregation. The Cid14 protein is constitutively nucleolar and is required for normal nucleolar structure. A minor population of polyadenylated rRNAs was identified. These RNAs accumulated in an exosome mutant, and their presence was largely dependent on Cid14, in line with a role for Cid14 in rRNA degradation. Surprisingly, both fully processed 25S rRNA and rRNA processing intermediates appear to be channeled into this pathway. Our data suggest that additional substrates may include the mRNAs of genes involved in meiotic regulation. Polyadenylation-assisted nuclear RNA turnover is therefore likely to be a common eukaryotic mechanism affecting diverse biological processes.


Assuntos
Poliadenilação/fisiologia , Polinucleotídeo Adenililtransferase/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Nucléolo Celular/genética , Nucléolo Celular/metabolismo , Nucléolo Celular/ultraestrutura , Segregação de Cromossomos , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/metabolismo , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/metabolismo , Exorribonucleases , Complexo Multienzimático de Ribonucleases do Exossomo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Meiose , Metáfase/genética , Mitose , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Polinucleotídeo Adenililtransferase/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos
9.
J Travel Med ; 25(suppl_1): S16-S26, 2018 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29718435

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral disease predominantly located in South East Asia and commonly associated with transmission between amplifying hosts, such as pigs, and the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus, where human infection represents a dead end in the life cycle of the virus. The expansion of JE beyond an Asiatic confine is dependent on a multitude of complex factors that stem back to genetic subtype variation. A complex interplay of the genetic variation and vector competencies combine with variables such as geography, climate change and urbanization. METHODS: Our understanding of JE is still at an early stage with long-term longitudinal vector surveillance necessary to better understand the dynamics of JE transmission and to characterize the role of potential secondary vectors such as Cx. pipiens and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus. The authors review the vectors indicated in transmission and the ecological, genetic and anthropological factors that affect the disease's range and epidemiology. CONCLUSION: Monitoring for the presence of JE virus in mosquitoes in general can be used to estimate levels of potential JE exposure, intensity of viral activity and genetic variation of JEV throughout surveyed areas. Increased surveillance and diagnosis of viral encephalitis caused by genotype 5 JE virus is required in particular, with the expansion in epidemiology and disease prevalence in new geographic areas an issue of great concern. Additional studies that measure the impact of vectors (e.g. bionomics and vector competence) in the transmission of JEV and that incorporate environmental factors (e.g. weekly rainfall) are needed to define the roles of Culex species in the viral pathogenesis during outbreak and non-outbreak years.


Assuntos
Culex/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/genética , Encefalite Japonesa/transmissão , Mosquitos Vetores/patogenicidade , Animais , Ásia/epidemiologia , Mudança Climática , Culex/classificação , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/patogenicidade , Encefalite Japonesa/epidemiologia , Genoma , Humanos , Indústria de Embalagem de Carne/estatística & dados numéricos , Aves Domésticas , Prevalência , Suínos
10.
JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep ; 15(1): 86-118, 2017 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28085730

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Global cerebral ischemia occurs due to reduced blood supply to the brain. This is commonly caused by a cessation of myocardial activity associated with cardiac arrest and cardiac surgery. Survival is not the only important outcome because neurological dysfunction impacts on quality of life, reducing independent living. Magnesium has been identified as a potential neuroprotective agent; however, its role in this context is not yet clear. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to present the best currently available evidence related to the neuroprotective effects of magnesium during a period of global cerebral ischemia in adults with cardiac arrest or cardiac surgery. INCLUSION CRITERIA TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: The current review considered adults aged over 18 years who were at risk of global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest or cardiac surgery. Studies of patients with existing neurological deficits or under the age of 18 years were excluded from the review. TYPES OF INTERVENTION(S)/PHENOMENA OF INTEREST: The intervention of interest was magnesium administered in doses of at least of 2 g compared to placebo to adult patients within 24 hours of cardiac arrest or cardiac surgery. TYPES OF STUDIES: The current review considered experimental designs including randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. OUTCOMES: The outcome of interest were neurological recovery post-cardiac arrest or cardiac surgery, as measured by objective scales, such as but not limited to, cerebral performance category, brain stem reflexes, Glasgow Coma Score and independent living or dependent living status. To enable assessment of the available data, neuroprotection was examined by breaking down neurological outcomes into three domains - functional neurological outcomes, neurophysiological outcomes and neuropsychological outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies between January 1980 and August 2014, utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) three-step search strategy. Databases searched included PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Australian Clinical Trials Register, Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register, Clinical Trials, European Clinical Trials Register and ISRCTN Registry. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: The studies included in this review were of moderate-to-good-quality randomized controlled trials. Studies included measured neurological outcome using functional neurological assessment, neuropsychiatric assessment or neurophysiological assessment. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted using standardized templates provided by the JBI Meta-analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument software. DATA SYNTHESIS: Quantitative data were, where possible, pooled in statistical meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane; Copenhagen, Denmark). Where statistical pooling was not possible, the findings were presented in narrative form, including tables and figures, to aid in data presentation, where appropriate. RESULTS: Seven studies with a total of 1164 participants were included in this review. Neurological outcome was categorized into three domains: functional neurological, neurophysiological and neuropsychological outcomes. Meta-analysis of three studies assessing the neuroprotective properties of magnesium administration post cardiac arrest found improved functional neurological outcome (odds ratio 0.44; 95% confidence interval 0.24-0.81). CONCLUSION: Magnesium may improve functional neurological outcome in patients who suffer global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac surgery and cardiac arrest. Magnesium does not decrease neuropsychological decline.Further testing of neurological outcomes in the domains of functional outcomes, neurophysiological markers and neuropsychological tests are required to further understanding of the neuroprotective effects of magnesium. Suitable dosing regimens should be investigated prior to introduction into clinical practice. Further research is required to investigate the optimal magnesium dose.


Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Parada Cardíaca , Magnésio/uso terapêutico , Neuroproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida
11.
J Clin Neurophysiol ; 21(4): 290-300, 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15509918

RESUMO

Ontogeny of arousal data constitute a vital supplement to the sparse literature on spontaneous neuronal activity. These data demonstrate that measurable infant spontaneous arousals (SAs) with an inherent oscillatory entrainment occur six times more in active sleep than in quiet sleep of the same duration and are identifiable as a human neurobiologic function. These SAs are not significantly associated with race or ethnicity, gender, total hours spent sleeping, percent time spent in active or quiet sleep, preterm status, history of a life-threatening event, having had a sibling who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), or having had a mother who smoked during this pregnancy. As measurable neurophysiologic events, SAs establish parameters for research at molecular and molar levels focusing on several critical areas: (1) the neuronal control of SA related to neurotransmitters, (2) as a significant antecedent factor in clinical cardiorespiratory events occurring in infants at high epidemiologic risk for SIDS; (3) as a regulatory biologic factor underlying temperament and executive cognitive functioning, and (4) morbidity and mortality effects possibly related to therapeutic interventions that alter SA levels.


Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Recém-Nascido/fisiologia , Fases do Sono , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Polissonografia
12.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976) ; 29(16): E353-6, 2004 Aug 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15303045

RESUMO

STUDY DESIGN: The authors reviewed a series of nontraumatic spinal cord injuries associated with surfing lessons. OBJECTIVES: To characterize a unique syndrome of paraplegia/paraparesis to improve clinical recognition, treatment, and prevention. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Surfer's myelopathy is a previously unreported nontraumatic spinal cord injury that affects inexperienced surfers. Nine patients with paraparesis/paraplegia were evaluated and treated after nontraumatic surfing events. METHODS: An office-based registry tracked patients with surfer's myelopathy between July 2001 and December 2002. A retrospective review of hospital records searched for additional patients. Nine cases of surfer's myelopathy are retrospectively analyzed to characterize the incidence, risk factors, and outcome. The literature related to surfing injuries is reviewed. RESULTS.: Nine patients were detected with surfer's myelopathy between June 1998 and January 2003. The average age was 25 years. Most patients presented with back pain, paraparesis, and urinary retention. Other presenting symptoms included paraplegia, hypesthesia/hypalgesia, and hyperesthesia. At the time of discharge, three patients had a complete recovery and four patients had mild weakness without sensory deficits. Three in this group had residual urinary retention. One patient remained paraplegic. All patients had abnormal signal change in the lower thoracic spinal cord by magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Surfer's myelopathy is a nontraumatic paraparesis/paraplegia that affects first-time surfers. Although most patients have a complete or near-complete recovery, complete paraplegia has occurred.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Adulto , Traumatismos em Atletas/diagnóstico , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Paraplegia/etiologia , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de Risco , Doenças da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico , Doenças da Medula Espinal/epidemiologia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/epidemiologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia
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