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1.
Plant Cell ; 34(6): 2222-2241, 2022 05 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35294020

RESUMO

Ear length (EL) is a key trait that contributes greatly to grain yield in maize (Zea mays). While numerous quantitative trait loci for EL have been identified, few causal genes have been studied in detail. Here we report the characterization of ear apical degeneration1 (ead1) exhibiting strikingly shorter ears and the map-based cloning of the casual gene EAD1. EAD1 is preferentially expressed in the xylem of immature ears and encodes an aluminum-activated malate transporter localizing to the plasma membrane. We show that EAD1 is a malate efflux transporter and loss of EAD1 leads to lower malate contents in the apical part of developing inflorescences. Exogenous injections of malate rescued the shortened ears of ead1. These results demonstrate that EAD1 plays essential roles in regulating maize ear development by delivering malate through xylem vessels to the apical part of the immature ear. Overexpression of EAD1 led to greater EL and kernel number per row and the EAD1 genotype showed a positive association with EL in two different genetic segregating populations. Our work elucidates the critical role of EAD1 in malate-mediated female inflorescence development and provides a promising genetic resource for enhancing maize grain yield.


Assuntos
Inflorescência , Zea mays , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Grão Comestível/genética , Inflorescência/genética , Malatos/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Zea mays/metabolismo
2.
J Integr Plant Biol ; 65(3): 656-673, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36223073

RESUMO

Moderate stimuli in mitochondria improve wide-ranging stress adaptability in animals, but whether mitochondria play similar roles in plants is largely unknown. Here, we report the enhanced stress adaptability of S-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-S) maize and its association with mild expression of sterilizing gene ORF355. A CMS-S maize line exhibited superior growth potential and higher yield than those of the near-isogenic N-type line in saline fields. Moderate expression of ORF355 induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and activated the cellular antioxidative defense system. This adaptive response was mediated by elevation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentration and associated metabolic homeostasis. Metabolome analysis revealed broad metabolic changes in CMS-S lines, even in the absence of salinity stress. Metabolic products associated with amino acid metabolism and galactose metabolism were substantially changed, which underpinned the alteration of the antioxidative defense system in CMS-S plants. The results reveal the ORF355-mediated superior stress adaptability in CMS-S maize and might provide an important route to developing salt-tolerant maize varieties.


Assuntos
Infertilidade das Plantas , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Infertilidade das Plantas/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Homeostase
3.
Plant Physiol ; 184(3): 1438-1454, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32913046

RESUMO

Anther cuticle and pollen exine are two physical barriers protecting plant reproductive cells against environmental stresses; defects in either often cause male sterility. Here, we report the characterization of a male-sterile mutant irregular pollen exine2 (ipe2) of maize (Zea mays), which displays shrunken anthers and no starch accumulation in mature pollen grains. We cloned the causal gene IPE2 and confirmed its role in male fertility in maize with a set of complementary experiments. IPE2 is specifically expressed in maize developing anthers during stages 8 to 9 and encodes an endoplasmic-reticulum-localized GDSL lipase. Dysfunction of IPE2 resulted in delayed degeneration of tapetum and middle layer, leading to defective formation of anther cuticle and pollen exine, and complete male sterility. Aliphatic metabolism was greatly altered, with the contents of lipid constituents, especially C16/C18 fatty acids and their derivatives, significantly reduced in ipe2 developing anthers. Our study elucidates GDSL function in anther and pollen development and provides a promising genetic resource for breeding hybrid maize.


Assuntos
Infertilidade das Plantas/genética , Pólen/anatomia & histologia , Pólen/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pólen/genética , Zea mays/anatomia & histologia , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/anatomia & histologia , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Mutação
4.
Mol Plant ; 13(9): 1270-1283, 2020 09 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32629120

RESUMO

Coordination between mitochondria and the nucleus is crucial for fertility determination in plants with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Using yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified a transcription factor, ZmDREB1.7, that is highly expressed in sterile microspores at the large vacuole stage and activates the expression of mitochondria-encoded CMS gene orf355. Δpro, a weak allele of ZmDREB1.7 with the loss of a key unfolded protein response (UPR) motif in the promoter, partially restores male fertility of CMS-S maize. ZmDREB1.7 expression increases rapidly in response to antimycin A treatment, but this response is attenuated in the Δpro allele. Furthermore, we found that expression of orf355 in mitochondria activates mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which in turn induces ZmDREB1.7 expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that positive-feedback transcriptional regulation between a nuclear regulator and a mitochondrial CMS gene determines male sterility in maize, providing new insights into nucleus-mitochondria communication in plants.


Assuntos
Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Infertilidade das Plantas/fisiologia , Zea mays/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Infertilidade das Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo
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