Anaplasma phagocytophilum Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Case Report and Literature Review.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging, Gram-negative, and obligate intracellular pathogen that is infrequently implicated as a causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia. In this paper, we report about an immunocompetent patient from the community who presented with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Chest X-ray and CT showed bilateral lung infiltrates. Extensive workup for other common and uncommon causes of pneumonia was positive for anaplasmosis. The patient recovered completely with doxycycline therapy. In our literature review, we find that in 80% of reported cases of anaplasmosis pneumonia, empiric treatment did not contain doxycycline, which in some cases led to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clinicians in tick-borne disease endemic regions should be aware of this unusual presentation of anaplasmosis in order to be able to select appropriate antimicrobial regimens and initiate timely management.

Exploring links from sensory perception to movement and behavioral motivation in the caudal nidopallium of female songbirds.

Decision making resides at the interface between sensory perception and movement production. Female songbirds in the context of mate choice are an excellent system to define neural circuits through which sensory perception influences production of courtship behaviors. Previous experiments by our group and others have implicated secondary auditory brain sites, including the caudal nidopallium (NC), in mediating behavioral indicators of mate choice. Here, we used anterograde tracer molecules to define projections that emerge from NC in female songbirds, identifying pathways through which NC influences downstream sites implicated in signal processing and decision making. Our results reveal that NC sends projections into the arcopallium, including the ventral intermediate arcopallium (AIV). Previous work revealed that AIV also receives input from another auditory area implicated in song preference and mate choice (caudal mesopallium, CM), suggesting that convergent input from multiple auditory areas may play important roles in initiating mate choice behaviors. In the present results, NC projects to an area implicated in postural and locomotory control (dorsal arcopallium, Ad), suggesting that NC may play a role in directing those forms of copulatory behavior. NC projections also systematically avoid a vocal motor region of the arcopallium that is innervated by CM (robust nucleus of the arcopallium). These results suggest a model in which both NC and CM project to arcopallial pathways implicated in behavioral motivation. These brain regions may exert different influences on pathways through which auditory information can direct different facets of behavioral responses to information detected in those auditory signals.

Auditory processing neurons influence song evaluation and strength of mate preference in female songbirds.

Animals use a variety of complex signaling mechanisms to convey an array of information that can be detected by conspecifics and heterospecifics. Receivers of those signals perceive that information and use it to direct their subsequent actions. Thus, communication such as that which occurs between senders and receivers of vocal communication signals can be a powerful model in which to investigate the neural basis of sensory perception and action initiation that underlie decision-making. In this study, we investigated how female songbirds perceive the quality of acoustic signals (songs) performed by males and use that information to express preference for one song among many possible alternatives. We use behavioral measurement of song preference before and after lesion-induced alteration of activity in an auditory processing area (caudal nidopallium, NC) for which we have previously described its interconnections with other auditory areas and downstream reward pathways. Our findings reveal that inactivating NC does not change a female's ability or willingness to perform behavioral indicators of mate choice, nor does it change their ability to identify the songs of individual males. However, lesioning NC does induce a decrease in the strength of song preference for specific males more than others. That decrease does not result in a complete elimination of preference, as female preferences for specific males are still evident but not as strongly expressed after lesioning of NC. Taken together, these data indicate that NC plays a role in a female's strength of preference in song evaluation and mate choice, and activity in NC is an important facet of mate choice.