[Urodynamics: All the nurse needs to know]. / Bilan urodynamique : tout ce que l'infirmier(e) doit savoir.

Urodynamic (UD) is an exam intended to explore the mechanisms underlying lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or urinary incontinence (UI). It involves the measurement of bladder and sphincter pressures using uretrovesical and rectal catheters with pressure transducers, but also the measurement of urinary flow and bladder sensation during filling. UD is far from being systematic in the assessment of LUTS or UI and must seek to tackle a specific clinical or therapeutic question. Thus, history taking, physical examination, voiding diary and questionnaires are essential prerequisites to UD per se. UD steps include a free (unintubated) uroflowmetry, a cystometry, post-void residual measurement±an urethral profilometry, a pressure-flow study or sensitization tests. The pressures are set to zero before to start the study and the validity of the equipment is tested. This control is continued throughout the procedure to ensure the quality of the recording. Any event (e.g., urine leakage, change of position, urgency) is noted during the study. A final report is made by the doctor. The competence of the nurse ensures the reliability, reproducibility and interpretability of the UD study and the nurse's humanity guarantee f an atmosphere as favourable as possible for this uncomfortable and invasive test.

Vitis Methods to Understand and Develop Strategies for Diagnosis and Sustainable Control of Grapevine Trunk Diseases.

Vitis vinifera is affected by many diseases every year, depending on causal agents, susceptibility of cultivars, and climate region. Some are caused by a single agent, such as gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea or powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator. Others result from the actions of a complex of pathogens such as grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). GTDs are presently among the most devastating diseases in viticulture worldwide because both the economic losses and the long-term sustainability of vineyards are strongly affected. The complexity of GTDs results from the diversity of associated fungi, the undetermined period of latency within the vine (asymptomatic status), the erratic foliar symptom expression from one year to the next, and, probably correlated with all of these points, the lack of efficient strategies to control them. Distinct methods can be beneficial to improve our knowledge of GTDs. In vitro bioassays with cell suspensions, calli, foliar discs, full leaves, or plantlets, and in vivo natural bioassays with cuttings, grafted plants in the greenhouse, or artificially infected ones in the vineyard, can be applied by using progressive integrative levels of in vitro and in vivo, depending on the information searched. In this review, the methods available to understand GTDs are described in terms of experimental procedures, main obtained results, and deliverable prospects. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are also discussed.

Radiologic case study. Transient migratory osteoporosis of the hip and knee.

Transient migratory osteoporosis is a self-limited disorder characterized by gradual onset of pain over several weeks to months and usually accompanied by characteristic findings on plain radiographs, scintigraphy, and MRI. Transient osteoporosis invariably resolves with conservative management, and therefore it is important to distinguish this uncommon syndrome from other disorders such as osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis, or infiltrative neoplasms, which require aggressive management. An accurate diagnosis of transient bone marrow edema syndrome or transient osteoporosis would lead to appropriate conservative management without biopsy, as in the case presented here.

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures.

Ipsilateral, concomitant femoral neck and shaft fracture is a rare fracture pattern encountered by orthopaedic surgeons. We review 11 cases of this fracture pattern. Treatment was by reduction and stabilization of the femoral neck fracture with one or more cannulated screws, followed by fixation of the femoral shaft using a Russell-Taylor reconstruction nail or a Russell-Taylor Delta reconstruction nail. When properly sequenced, this has proven to be a successful treatment method in these dual fractures, resulting in a low complication rate. No avascular necrosis of the femoral head or nonunion of either fracture site occurred. In our series, one patient with delayed union had varus angulation of 120 degrees of the femoral neck. Good functional outcome based on patients' ability to perform activities of daily living was achieved.

Blount's disease: a retrospective review and recommendations for treatment.

Thirty-two patients treated for Blount's disease were retrospectively reviewed. The results of treatment were assessed by clinical and radiographic parameters and arbitrarily classified good, fair, or poor. Five patients were definitively treated with braces; five extremities were rated good and one poor. Twelve patients were treated with a proximal tibial osteotomy performed before their fifth birthday. Nineteen extremities were rated good, one fair, and three poor. Fifteen patients had their initial surgical procedure after the fifth birthday. Eight extremities were rated good, six fair, and seven poor. Recurrence of the varus deformity secondary to an unsuspected medial bony physeal bar occurred in four patients. Resection of this bony bridge concomitant with a varus correcting osteotomy may be indicated. For severe deformity in older children, several different salvage procedures were used.