Genome-wide effect of non-optimal temperatures under anaerobic conditions on gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Understanding of thermal adaptation mechanisms in yeast is crucial to develop better-adapted strains to industrial processes, providing more economical and sustainable products. We have analyzed the transcriptomic responses of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, a commercial wine strain, ADY5, a laboratory strain, CEN.PK113-7D and a commercial bioethanol strain, Ethanol Red, grown at non-optimal temperatures under anaerobic chemostat conditions. Transcriptomic analysis of the three strains revealed a huge complexity of cellular mechanisms and responses. Overall, cold exerted a stronger transcriptional response in the three strains comparing with heat conditions, with a higher number of down-regulating genes than of up-regulating genes regardless the strain analyzed. The comparison of the transcriptome at both sub- and supra-optimal temperatures showed the presence of common genes up- or down-regulated in both conditions, but also the presence of common genes up- or down-regulated in the three studied strains. More specifically, we have identified and validated three up-regulated genes at sub-optimal temperature in the three strains, OPI3, EFM6 and YOL014W. Finally, the comparison of the transcriptomic data with a previous proteomic study with the same strains revealed a good correlation between gene activity and protein abundance, mainly at low temperature. Our work provides a global insight into the specific mechanisms involved in temperature adaptation regarding both transcriptome and proteome, which can be a step forward in the comprehension and improvement of yeast thermotolerance.

Optimizing Transitions of Care - Hospital to Community.

Discharging patients from the hospital is a complex process, and preventing avoidable readmissions has the potential to improve both the quality of life for patients and the financial sustainability of the healthcare system (Alper et al. 2016). Improving the discharge process is one method to mitigate readmission to the hospital. Historically, St. Thomas Elgin General Hospital (STEGH) consistently experienced higher-than-expected readmission rates, and only 41% of discharge summaries were sent from the hospital to the community primary care within 48 hours. In addition, the overall percentage of patients attending a follow-up appointment with a primary care physician within seven days of discharge from hospital was lower than the provincial average. Through engagement with primary care providers (PCPs) and clinical associates (CAs) and with the use of standard work and monitoring organizational metrics, STEGH has achieved significant improvements.

Differential proteomic analysis by SWATH-MS unravels the most dominant mechanisms underlying yeast adaptation to non-optimal temperatures under anaerobic conditions.

Elucidation of temperature tolerance mechanisms in yeast is essential for enhancing cellular robustness of strains, providing more economically and sustainable processes. We investigated the differential responses of three distinct Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, an industrial wine strain, ADY5, a laboratory strain, CEN.PK113-7D and an industrial bioethanol strain, Ethanol Red, grown at sub- and supra-optimal temperatures under chemostat conditions. We employed anaerobic conditions, mimicking the industrial processes. The proteomic profile of these strains in all conditions was performed by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS), allowing the quantification of 997 proteins, data available via ProteomeXchange (PXD016567). Our analysis demonstrated that temperature responses differ between the strains; however, we also found some common responsive proteins, revealing that the response to temperature involves general stress and specific mechanisms. Overall, sub-optimal temperature conditions involved a higher remodeling of the proteome. The proteomic data evidenced that the cold response involves strong repression of translation-related proteins as well as induction of amino acid metabolism, together with components related to protein folding and degradation while, the high temperature response mainly recruits amino acid metabolism. Our study provides a global and thorough insight into how growth temperature affects the yeast proteome, which can be a step forward in the comprehension and improvement of yeast thermotolerance.

Intensifying ethanol production from brewer's spent grain waste: Use of whole slurry at high solid loadings.

This work targets the valorization of brewer's spent grain (BSG) waste by ethanol production, providing strategies for increasing titers in the multiple process steps involved. High solid loadings and use of whole slurry from the pretreatment were evaluated, aiming to achieve high ethanol concentration and yield. As variability in BSG chemical composition presents a challenge for their valorization, six different BSGs were chemically characterized, which allowed the selection of two with high polysaccharide content. High solid loadings (up to 25%) were employed for the pretreatment of selected BSGs by autohydrolysis, an environmentally friendly process, to improve enzymatic saccharification and extract fermentable sugars as oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. As a result, high glucose concentrations (43.7 and 57.7 g L-1) and glucose yield (85.9 and 70.6%) were obtained from the saccharification of the pretreated BSG whole slurry at 20 and 25% solid loading, respectively. Whole slurries from autohydrolysis were used as substrate for ethanol production by hybrid saccharification and fermentation. Two different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were evaluated and high ethanol concentration (42.27 g L-1) at a high yield (94.0%) was achieved. The results attained by the combined intensification approaches qualify BSG waste as a valuable renewable resource for cost-effective ethanol production.

Fatores relacionados com as reinternações de portadores de esquizofrenia / Factors related with readmissions of schizophrenic patients / Factores relacionados con las reinternaciones de portadores de esquizofrenia

Este estudo de caráter descritivo objetivou identificar os fatores envolvidos nas reinternações dos portadores de esquizofrenia de um hospital psiquiátrico em uma capital brasileira. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram portadores de esquizofrenia com histórico de três ou mais internações na instituição, no período de um ano. Dados secundários foram coletados com pesquisa documental e os dados primários com entrevistas com os responsáveis pelos pacientes. Como fatores relacionados às reinternações estão a não-continuidade do cuidado ao portador de esquizofrenia na rede de atenção substitutiva, após a alta hospitalar, a baixa condição socioeconômica dos pacientes e familiares, as dificuldade dos familiares em lidar e conviver com os adoecidos, a não-adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, e a gravidade da doença. Conclui-se que são necessárias estratégias para a corresponsabilização da família no acompanhamento ao paciente, assim como melhor assistência das instituições complementares ao tratamento hospitalar, possibilitando redução nas reinternações.

This descriptive study aimed to identify factors involved in readmissions of schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric hospital in a Brazilian capital. The research subjects were schizophrenic patients with a history of three or more admissions in the institution within one year. Secondary data were collected through documentary research and primary data through interviews with parents or caregivers. As readmissions-related factors are: the discontinuance of care for patients with schizophrenia in the care network replacement after hospital discharge, low socioeconomic status of patients and families, the difficulty of families to cope and live with the ill, non-compliance to drug therapy and disease severity. It was concluded that strategies are needed for the joint responsibility of the family in monitoring the patient, as well as a better care performed by the complementary institutions after hospital treatment, enabling a reduction in readmissions.

Este estudio de carácter descriptivo objetivó identificar los factores envueltos en las reinternaciones de los portadores de esquizofrenia de un hospital psiquiátrico en una capital brasileira. Los sujetos de la investigación fueron portadores de esquizofrenia con histórico de tres o más internaciones en la institución, en el período de un año. Datos secundarios fueron recogidos con investigación documental y los datos primarios con entrevistas con los responsables por los pacientes. Como factores relacionados a las reinternaciones están la no-continuidad del cuidado al portador de esquizofrenia en la red de atención substitutiva, después del alta hospitalario, la baja condición socioeconómica de los pacientes y familiares, las dificultades de los familiares en lidiar y convivir con los adolecidos, la no-adhesión al tratamiento medicamentoso, y la gravedad de la enfermedad. Conclúyese que son necesarias estrategias para la co-responsabilización de la familia en el acompañamiento al paciente, así como mejor atención de las instituciones complementares al tratamiento hospitalario, posibilitando reducción en las reinternaciones.