[Listeria monocytogenes: report of a rise in pregnant women and literature review]. / Listeria monocytogenes: Informe de un aumento de casos en mujeres embarazadas y revisión de la literatura.

Listeria monocytogenes, rare pathogen in the general population, causes serious infections in patients at the extreme ages of life, pregnant woman, and those with immunosuppression. The clinical manifestations are essential to suspect the disease in patients at risk, allowing an early prescription of antimicrobial therapy, before the results of the cultures are available. Clinical course and prognosis depends on how early treatment is started and, in pregnant women, the gestational age. In Clínica Alemana, at Santiago, we detected a 15 fold rate rise of neonatal listeriosis between year 2007 and 2008. Ten cases were diagnosed between January and July 2008 and the seven cases occurring in pregnant women are reported here. All these patients were in their first pregnancy, which could be associated with similar lifestyle and food habits. Considering this new epidemiological scenario, it is important to educate the population, and to conduct an epidemiological study in order to determine the national situation of Listeria monocytogenes infection.

[Use of Sirolimus in five pediatric patients undergoing solid organ transplantation]. / Sirolimus en trasplante de órgano sólido pediátrico: Experiencia en 5 casos.

BACKGROUND: Sirolimus (SRL) is an immunosuppressive drug increasingly used in children undergoing solid organ transplantation. SRL does not cause glucose intolerance, hypertension, nephrotoxicity or neurotoxicity offering significant potential advantages over calceneurin inhibitors (CM). AIM: To report five children treated with SRL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of four children undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and one undergoing renal transplantation with recurrent acute rejection (RAR), chronic rejection (CR) or toxicity due to CM, treated with SRL between June 2001 and November 2006. RESULTS: As primary immunosuppressive therapy, all patients received 3 drugs: CM (Tacrolimus (FK) or Cyclosporine), mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Mean age at treatment with SRL was 98 months. Children undergoing OLT had a late introduction of SRL (mean time after OLT: 37 months), and mean follow-up was 24 months. In this group rescue indications of SRL were RAR in one, CR in one, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in one, food allergy in one and other CM toxicity in three. Only one did not experience adverse events due to SRL, but no one required discontinuation of SRL. There were remissions of RAR, CR, TTP and food allergy. The patient with RT was switched from FK to SRL at day 18th after RT, but he had severe neutropenia that led to discontinuation of SRL. CONCLUSIONS: SRL may be useful in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients suffering from RAR, CR, TTP, food allergy and CM toxicity. Careful attention should be directed to detect side effects and avoid severe complications.

Quilotórax a tensión: reporte de dos casos / Tension chylothorax: two case reports

Thoracic duct injury is a well described entity as complication from cardiothoracic surgery. However tension chylothorax is rare, and may become a life-threating condition. Objective: To present 2 pediatric patients who developed hemodynamic and respiratory failures secondary to chylothorax. Patients: The first patient was a 2-month-old boy who developed chylothorax three weeks after a Norwood-Sano surgery; he showed a severe respiratory and hemodynamic collapse. The second patient was a one-month old baby who developed an acute respiratory failure and oliguria two days after a patent ductus arteriosus surgery. In both cases the chest tube placement resulted in the release of chyle under pressure and resolution of the symptoms. Conclusions: These two cases demostrate how chylothorax may provoke severe hemodynamic and respiratory effects. Early recognition and treatment of this condition is important for improved outcome.

El daño del ducto toráxico que ocasiona un quilotórax es una complicación bien conocida y documentada de las cirugías cardiotoráxicas. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de quilotórax a tensión es raramente reportado, siendo un evento que puede poner en riesgo la vida del paciente. Objetivo: Comunicar 2 pacientes, quienes presentaron compromiso hemodinámico y respiratorio de carácter grave, secundario al desarrollo de quilotórax. Casos: El primer paciente, de dos meses de edad, ocurrió luego de tres semanas de efectuarse una cirugía de Norwood-Sano, quien presentó un grave colapso ventilatorio y hemodinámico. El segundo paciente, de 1 mes de edad, desarrolló una falla respiratoria aguda y oliguria dos días posterior al cierre de un ductus arterioso persistente. En ambos casos la instalación de un tubo pleural resultó en la liberación de quilo a gran presión y una rápida resolución de los síntomas. Conclusión: Los dos casos aquí reportados evidencian que el quilotórax puede presentar efectos hemodinámicos y respiratorios deletéreos. El pronto reconocimiento y tratamiento de esta entidad son esenciales para el óptimo pronóstico del paciente.

Falla hepática fulminante en niños / Acute liver failure in children: experience of a liver transplant center

Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) in childhood is defined as biochemical evidence of liver injury, absence of known chronic liver disease and coagulopathy not corrected by vitamin K administration, with INR greater than 1.5 if the patient has encephalopathy or greater than 2.0 if the patient does not have encephalopathy. Objective: Report the experience of a single liver transplant center (LT) in the treatment of 8 children with ALF and review the literature. Method: Retrospective review of clinical charts of patients with ALF. Results: The median age was 8 years-old (range 0-11), three females. Five patients underwent LT. Two patients died, one of them LT. The etiologies were 4 undetermined, 1 autoimmune, 1 Wilson Disease, 1 Parvo virus and 1 chronic graft rejection. All grafts were from cadaver donor, 3 of them reduced. Two out of five patients with encephalopathy grade III-IV died. The one year survival rate was 75 percent. Conclusions: Children with ALF should be treated in experienced centers with facilities for liver transplant. Transplantation should be offered only if the underlying disease is treatable by liver replacement and if transplant prognosis is better than that of the underlying disease.

Falla hepática fulminante (FHF) en la infancia se define como evidencia bioquímica de daño hepático, sin antecedentes conocidos de enfermedad hepática crónica, coagulopatía no corregida por la administración de vitamina K e INR superior a 1,5 si el paciente tiene encefalopatía o superior a 2 si no tiene encefalopatía. Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de un centro de trasplante hepático (TH) en el tratamiento de 8 niños con FHF y revisar la literatura. Pacientes y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de la historia clínica de pacientes con FHF. Resultados: La edad media fue de 8 años, rango 0-11, tres sexo femenino. Cinco pacientes fueron sometidos a TH. Dos pacientes fallecieron, uno de ellos con TH. La etiología fue indeterminada en 4 pacientes, 1 autoinmune, 1 enfermedad de Wilson, 1 parvovirus y 1 rechazo crónico del injerto. Todos los injertos fueron de donante cadáver, 3 de ellos reducidos. Dos de cinco pacientes con encefalopatía grado III-IV fallecieron. La tasa de sobrevida al año fue de 75 por ciento. Conclusión: El manejo de la FHF debe realizarse en un centro con capacidad de realizar TH, aunque no todos los pacientes requerirán finalmente esta terapia. El TH debiera ser ofrecido sólo si la enfermedad subyacente es tratable con reemplazo hepático y si el pronóstico del TH es mejor que el de la enfermedad misma.

Sirolimus en trasplante de órgano sólido pediátrico: Experiencia en 5 casos / Use of Sirolimus in five pediatric patients undergoing solid organ transplantation

Sirolimus (SRL) is an immunosuppressive drug increasingly used in children undergoing solid organ transplantation. SRL does not cause glucose intolerance, hypertension, nephrotoxicity or neurotoxicity offering significant potential advantages over calceneurin inhibitors (CM). Aim: To report five children treated with SRL. Material and methods: A retrospective review of four children undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and one undergoing renal transplantation with recurrent acute rejection (RAR), chronic rejection (CR) or toxicity due to CM, treated with SRL between June 2001 and November 2006. Results: As primary immunosuppressive therapy, all patients received 3 drugs: CM (Tacrolimus (FK) or Cyclosporine), mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Mean age at treatment with SRL was 98 months. Children undergoing OLT had a ¡ate introduction of SRL (mean time after OLT: 37 months), and mean follow-up was 24 months. In this group rescue indications of SRL were RAR in one, CR in one, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in one, food allergy in one and other CM toxicity in three. Only one did not experience adverse events due to SRL, but no one required discontinuation of SRL. There were remissions of RAR, CR, TTP and food allergy. The patient with RT was switched from FK to SRL at day 18th after RT, but he had severe neutropenia that led to discontinuation of SRL. Conclusions: SRL may be useful in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients suffering from RAR, CR, TTP, food allergy and CM toxicity. Careful attention should be directed to detect side effects and avoid severe complications.

Listeria monocytogenes: informe de un aumento de casos en mujeres embarazadas y revisión de la literatura / Listeria monocytogenes: report of a rise in pregnant women and literature review

Listeria monocytogenes, rare pathogen in the general population, causes serious infections in patients at the extreme ages of life, pregnant woman, and those with immunosuppression. The clinical manifestations are essential to suspect the disease in patients at risk, allowing an early prescription of antimicrobial therapy, before the results of the cultures are available. Clinical course and prognosis depends on how early treatment is started and, in pregnant women, the gestational age. In Clínica Alemana, at Santiago, we detected a 15 fold rate rise of neonatal listeriosis between year 2007 and 2008. Ten cases were diagnosed between January and July 2008 and the seven cases occurring in pregnant women are reported here. All these patients were in their first pregnancy, which could be associated with similar lifestyle and food habits. Considering this new epidemiological scenario, it is important to educate the population, and to conduct an epidemiological study in order to determine the national situation of Listeria monocytogenes infection.

Listeria monocytogenes, es un patógeno poco frecuente en la población general, causante de infecciones graves en pacientes en edades extremas de la vida, mujeres embarazadas e inmunodeprimidos. La sospecha de la enfermedad en pacientes de riesgo se basa principalmente en el cuadro clínico, lo que permite iniciar un tratamiento empírico antes de contar con los resultados de los cultivos. La evolución y pronóstico dependen de la precocidad con que se inicia la terapia y de la edad gestacional. En Clínica Alemana de Santiago detectamos un aumento de 15 veces en la tasa de listeriosis comparando el año 2007 con el 2008. Entre enero y julio 2008, se diagnosticaron 10 casos, de los cuales siete fueron en primigestas, lo que podría tener relación con un hábito alimentario y características de vida similar. Es fundamental, a la vista de esta nueva realidad epidemiológica, educar a la población en hábitos alimentarios y de higiene, como también realizar un estudio epidemiológico que determine la situación nacional de infección por L. monocytogenes.