RESUMO
The clinical signs, pathology and clinical pathology associated with single experimental infections of Strongylus vulgaris in worm-free pony foals are described. The major clinical signs which became apparent in the infected foals during the first three weeks were pyrexia, anorexia, dullness and abdominal pain. Within the first two weeks of infection lesions were confined to the intestine and terminal branches of the intestinal arteries and consisted of mucosal, submucosal and serosal haemorrhage together with arteritis of submucosal and serosal arteries and also a marked inflammatory reaction. The main lesion seen three weeks after infection was gross thrombosis of the anterior mesenteric artery or one of its major branches. On section these affected arteries showed marked intimal thickening with infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. Between one and four months after infection the gross lesions were predominantly in the arteries and consisted of fibrous thickening of the arterial wall and thrombosis associated with the presence of developing fourth stage larvae. Four months after infection the arterial lesions were still prominent and microscopically there was fibrosis of the wall of the affected artery with wide-spread disruption of the intima. In the adventitia organised thrombi were apparent in the vasa vasorum and resulted in the obliteration of their lumina. The typical lesion associated with the return of fifth stage larvae to the intestine was nodule formation in close proximity to thrombosed terminal intestinal arteries and sections of parasites were seen in the intestinal wall surrounded by neutrophils and necrotic debris. By nine months after infection the arterial lesion had healed, but histologically there was fibrosis of the intima and macrophages containing haemosiderin were seen in the arterial wall. The most significant haematological findings during the experimental period were a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis and an increase in the number of circulating eosinophils in the infected animals. Also marked was an increase in the serum globulin levels of the infected foals.
Assuntos
Infecções Equinas por Strongyloidea/patologia , Animais , Artérias/patologia , Arterite/veterinária , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Temperatura Corporal , Ceco/patologia , Contagem de Eritrócitos , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas , Cavalos , Íleo/patologia , Intestinos/irrigação sanguínea , Contagem de Leucócitos , Artérias Mesentéricas/patologia , Oclusão Vascular Mesentérica/veterinária , Reto , Infecções Equinas por Strongyloidea/sangue , Trombose/veterináriaRESUMO
The surface characteristics of the lower respiratory tract of two groups of cattle were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Group A comprised six one-week-old calves and group B four adult cows. None of the animals had overt respiratory disease or gross morphological evidence of pulmonary lesions. The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the cranial and the caudal lobes of the right lung were examined. In both groups the luminal surface of the trachea and large bronchi were completely covered by cilia, apparently forming an efficient mucociliary escalator. In the adult animals there were some patchy areas in the trachea and large bronchi devoid of ciliated cells; these were considered abnormal. In the bronchi, non-ciliated cells, mainly mucus-secreting, were not easily identified unless they were discharging secretion. In small bronchi, non-ciliated cells were more evident and easily seen. The bronchioles had many non-ciliated cells and very few ciliated cells capable of forming a complete carpet for a mucociliary escalator. Types 1 and 2 alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages were identified in both groups. Pores of Kohn were found in the alveolar walls in all animals.
Assuntos
Brônquios/ultraestrutura , Bovinos/anatomia & histologia , Alvéolos Pulmonares/ultraestrutura , Traqueia/ultraestrutura , Fatores Etários , Animais , Cílios/ultraestrutura , Epitélio/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Microscopia Eletrônica de VarreduraRESUMO
In an examination of the immunoglobulin containing cells in the respiratory mucosa of three-month-old non-pneumonic calves, IgA was found to be the predominant plasma cell type. In calves with cuffing pneumonia there was a marked increase in the plasma cell population in the bronchial wall and IgG1 cells became the major cell type. Similarly in calves with an exudative type of pneumonia IgG1 plasma cells were the significant cell type in the respiratory mucosa but the total number of plasma cells was similar to that found in the non-pneumonic animals. The immunohistochemical results suggest that IgA and, to a lesser extent, IgM are both transported across the mucous membrane via bronchial epithelial secretory cells and submucosal glands.
Assuntos
Brônquios/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Bovinos/imunologia , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Pulmão/imunologia , Pneumonia/veterinária , Animais , Brônquios/citologia , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imunoglobulina M/análise , Pulmão/citologia , Pneumonia/imunologiaRESUMO
Eleven Friesian steers were given 3, methyl indole (3MI) orally at dose rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 g/kg. Three of these (group B) received a single oral dose of 0.2 g/kg and subsequently developed respiratory distress. Their plasma 3MI concentrations six hours after dosing were between 2.25 and 7.23 micrograms/ml. The steer with the highest six-hour plasma value died at this stage and the dominant pathological feature was severe pulmonary oedema. The other two steers survived until they were slaughtered 96 hours after dosing; the major pathological findings in them were interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes and alveolar epithelial hyperplasia. The other eight steers (group C) each received weekly oral doses of 0.1 g 3MI/kg for 10 weeks. One animal died after developing severe respiratory distress following its third dose. Thereafter, the others developed two separate patterns of response. Three steers (subgroup C1) became progressively more tolerant to oral 3MI, even in the face of dose rates increased to 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg during the 11th to 14th weeks of the study and also in the presence of relatively high plasma 3MI concentrations after dosing. One animal was slaughtered after its 10th dose and two after their 14th dose of 3MI; post mortem examinations revealed that their lungs were macro- and microscopically normal. The other steers (subgroup C2) all continued to react after each weekly oral dose of 3MI and their post-dosing plasma 3MI concentrations consistently remained relatively low. Latterly, each of the three steers which survived to the 14th week also exhibited persistent tachypnoea and marked hyperpnoea between dosings. On post mortem examination, in addition to the signs generally associated with acute 3MI toxicity (see above), each of the subgroup C2 steers were found to have diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and an alveolitis. While certain cattle appear to become tolerant to the effects of repeated doses of 3MI, the results of this study clearly demonstrated that, in others, such treatment eventually gives rise to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and alveolitis.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/induzido quimicamente , Indóis/toxicidade , Pneumonia Intersticial Atípica dos Bovinos/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/veterinária , Escatol/toxicidade , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Alvéolos Pulmonares/efeitos dos fármacos , Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , Edema Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Edema Pulmonar/patologia , Edema Pulmonar/veterinária , Fibrose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Parainfluenza-3 (Pi3) virus infection in a group of 25 calves is described. The virus was isolated from the lungs of four calve at days 6, 7, 13 and 55 after they were housed together at birth. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were seen by light microscopy in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells of two of these calves. Virus infected cells were detected by electron microscopy in three of the four calves. Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to Pi3 virus were found in the sera of the calves. Despite the virus being present in the group from one week, a significant increase in antibody titre was found in only two animals although all the calves were in contact with each other during the study period. The pulmonary lesions in the four infected calves consisted of a bronchitis and bronchiolitis with infiltration of the walls and lumena of these structures by neutrophils and an adjacent neutrophil infiltration of alveoli some of which were collapsed.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Corpos de Inclusão Viral , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Humana/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/microbiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/patologiaRESUMO
The surface features of the upper respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of various ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. In the rostral part of the nasal cavity, there was a wide zone of non-ciliated epithelium whereas, caudally, the surface was well ciliated. This latter type of epithelium extended into the nasopharynx and guttural pouches although scattered areas of non-ciliated microvillous cells were also found.
Assuntos
Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Laringe/ultraestrutura , Nasofaringe/ultraestrutura , Nariz/ultraestrutura , Animais , Epiglote/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Mucosa Nasal/ultraestrutura , Septo Nasal/ultraestrutura , Conchas Nasais/ultraestruturaRESUMO
The surface features of the lower respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of different ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. Parallel light microscopical and transmission electron microscopical studies were also carried out. The ciliary carpet was virtually complete from the trachea to the lobar bronchi. In small bronchi, ciliation was less complete allowing numerous non-ciliated mucous cells to become obvious. The terminal bronchioles, populated mainly by non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells, had an abrupt junction with alveolar ducts. Interalveolar pores were common particularly in older horses.
Assuntos
Brônquios/ultraestrutura , Cavalos/anatomia & histologia , Pulmão/ultraestrutura , Traqueia/ultraestrutura , Animais , Epitélio/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Alvéolos Pulmonares/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Breed, age, weight, type of work performed, seasonal onset, poor ventilation and exposure to moulds in the habitat were investigated in relation to the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD was most commonly detected in showjumping and hacking horses. The older a horse, the more likely it was to become affected although most were 6 to 10 years of age. Of the horses in this sample of the population, which was not a random one, thoroughbred horses were affected least and ponies most often. The high incidence in ponies was related to their more frequent exposure to poor quality fodder and bedding. Most horses are exposed to the hazard of moulds, but more affected horses were so exposed than those not affected with COPD. Poor ventilation of the stable increased the chance of a horse becoming affected. Sex, body weight and season of onset of coughing had no influence on the occurrence of the disease.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Ração Animal/toxicidade , Animais , Cruzamento , Feminino , Cavalos , Abrigo para Animais , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/epidemiologia , Masculino , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus were identified as common causes of respiratory hypersensitivity in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rye grass pollen and an Actinomycete evoked respiratory allergy in a few horses. Not infrequently, individual horses were found to have respiratory hypersensitivity to two or more antigens. The methods used to examine for allergy were intradermal testing and inhalation challenge with environmental antigens. An intradermal test using an M faeni extract was demonstrated to be suitable for diagnostic use in horses previously accurately diagnosed as suffering from COPD. In contrast, the A fumigatus antigen used proved unsatisfactory for such a purpose. Skin reaction to M faeni and A fumigatus extracts by horses affected with COPD indicated that the hypersensitivity was a dual one--a weak response shortly after injection followed by an Arthus-like response 4 to 8 hours later. As a parameter for monitoring responses to inhalation challenge, maximum intrathoracic pressure change (max delta Ppl) proved satisfactory, whereas changes in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) did not.
Assuntos
Testes de Provocação Brônquica/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/imunologia , Testes Intradérmicos/veterinária , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/veterinária , Testes Cutâneos/veterinária , Animais , Antígenos/administração & dosagem , Antígenos de Bactérias/administração & dosagem , Antígenos de Fungos/administração & dosagem , Aspergillus fumigatus/imunologia , Poeira , Cavalos , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/imunologia , Micromonosporaceae/imunologia , Pólen , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/veterináriaRESUMO
The sera of horses affected and not affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined for precipitins to Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus. Precipitins to both antigens were not restricted to COPD cases but occurred more frequently in animals affected with COPD. Many animals without detectable precipitins responded clinically to inhalation challenge with these antigens.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/análise , Doenças dos Cavalos/imunologia , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/análise , Antígenos de Bactérias/administração & dosagem , Antígenos de Fungos/administração & dosagem , Aspergillus fumigatus/imunologia , Testes de Provocação Brônquica/veterinária , Cavalos/imunologia , Imunodifusão , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/imunologia , Micromonosporaceae/imunologiaRESUMO
The study of cattle respiratory diseases during the last decade show that several observations made in the late 1960s are still relevant today. Many of these diseases are shared with other countries in Europe, but the developments discussed will be examined with the respiratory disease problems that occur in Britain in mind. The new information is dealth with as it applies to (i) structure, function and immunology of the lungs (ii) diseases of calves indoors (iii) diseases of young animals grazing, (iv) diseases of adult animals indoors and (v) diseases of adult animals grazing.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Anafilaxia/veterinária , Animais , Bronquite/veterinária , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Dictyocaulus/prevenção & controle , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/análise , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/fisiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Pneumonia/veterinária , Pneumonia Intersticial Atípica dos Bovinos/etiologia , Embolia Pulmonar/veterinária , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/veterinária , Ureaplasma , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
The mycoplasmas found in the lungs of 20 calves, housed together for six months, and the related pulmonary pathology are reported. Twelve calves had cuffing pneumonia and in this group there was a significantly higher isolation frequency of Mycoplasma dispar and Ureaplasma spp compared with the non-pneumonic group. Mycoplasma bovirhinis and Acholeplasma laidlawii were isolated from the lungs of calves in both groups. Mycoplasma arginini was not recovered from the lungs of any calf. The significance of the peribronchiolar lymphocytic accumulation in the lungs of the non-pneumonic animals and their differentiation from peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuffs is discussed.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Pneumonia/veterinária , Acholeplasma laidlawii/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Mycoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/patologia , Pneumonia/microbiologia , Pneumonia/patologiaRESUMO
A cat which developed a change of temperament, with muscle tremors, ataxia and pupillary dilatation was suspected and later confirmed histopathologically to have a spongiform encephalopathy. The case is of special interest in view of the widespread concern about spongiform encephalopathies as a result of the recent epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/veterinária , Encéfalo/patologia , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Doenças por Vírus Lento/veterinária , Animais , Encéfalo/ultraestrutura , Encefalopatias/patologia , Gatos , Feminino , Doenças por Vírus Lento/patologia , VacúolosRESUMO
Large unilateral tumours involving the mandible in two calves were composed of melanin-containing cells and small lymphocyte-like cells in a cellular fibrous stroma. These neoplasms resembled the melanotic neuro-ectodermal tumour of infancy.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Neoplasias Mandibulares/veterinária , Neoplasias Embrionárias de Células Germinativas/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Masculino , Mandíbula/patologia , Neoplasias Mandibulares/patologia , Neoplasias Embrionárias de Células Germinativas/patologiaRESUMO
Regurgitation of blood through the left atrioventricular valve owing to the rupture of one of the chordae tendineae of the valve was diagnosed in a horse with sudden-onset respiratory distress and a holosystolic cardiac murmur. Severe regurgitation was confirmed with Doppler echocardiography and prolapse of part of the valve leaflet was identified with B-mode ultrasonography. The rupture of one of the chordae tendineae of a right accessory cusp of the left atrioventricular valve was confirmed post mortem. Bronchiolitis, multifocal haemorrhages and haemorrhagic fibrous plaques were found in the pleura of the dorsocaudal segments of the lungs.
Assuntos
Cordas Tendinosas , Ecocardiografia Doppler/veterinária , Cardiopatias/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/veterinária , Animais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cavalos , Masculino , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/etiologia , Ruptura EspontâneaRESUMO
In May 1985 four groups of 10 calves, aged between four and five months, were turned out on to separate, permanent pastures of equal area which had been seeded during the previous few days with larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. One group acted as a control, the second was vaccinated with lungworm vaccine before turnout and treated with thiabendazole three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout, while the third and fourth groups were given ivermectin three times (three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout) and twice (three and eight weeks after turnout), respectively. A severe outbreak of parasitic bronchitis resulted in the death of three control calves within five weeks of turnout and parasitic bronchitis and gastroenteritis affected the second group of calves after approximately four months at pasture. The calves given ivermectin excreted no lungworm larvae and remained free of clinical parasitism throughout the trial.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Dictyocaulus/prevenção & controle , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Pneumopatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Animais , Bronquite/prevenção & controle , Bronquite/veterinária , Bovinos , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenterite/prevenção & controle , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Levamisol/uso terapêutico , Pneumopatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Pepsinogênios/sangue , Distribuição Aleatória , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
The term "fog fever" was originally used identify a disease of adult cattle grazing lush pastures in the autumn. Unfortunately, the name has subsequently been applied to other respiratory disorders which occurred under different epidemiological circumstances, so that the name "fog fever" has lost much of its original specificity and become almost synonymous with "acute respiratory distress". The pulmonary lesions in 151 cattle, of all ages, with acute respiratory distress are described in this report. While most of the animals were referred as examples of "fog fever", in only 43 of the 151 cases were the clinical signs, epidemiology and post mortem findings consistent with that disease. Twelve other pulmonary disturbances were encountered in the other animals and the pathology of these conditions has bee described.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Insuficiência Respiratória/veterinária , Animais , Arterite/patologia , Arterite/veterinária , Brônquios/patologia , Bronquite/patologia , Bronquite/veterinária , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Feminino , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Pneumonia/patologia , Pneumonia/veterinária , Pneumonia Intersticial Atípica dos Bovinos/patologia , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , Edema Pulmonar/patologia , Edema Pulmonar/veterinária , Enfisema Pulmonar/patologia , Enfisema Pulmonar/veterinária , Veias Pulmonares , Insuficiência Respiratória/patologia , Trombose/patologia , Trombose/veterináriaRESUMO
An outbreak of acute severe pneumonia which affected six to 14-week-old single-suckled calves, resulted in 45/77 requiring treatment. The examination of paired sera from all affected calves revealed that neither an adenovirus, non infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus nor parainfluenza 3 virus was involved. The acute exudative interstitial pneumonia found at post mortem was typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Pneumonia/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Feminino , Pulmão/patologia , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapêutico , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Humana/imunologia , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia/patologiaRESUMO
A natural outbreak of strangles occurred in a group of 19 young experimental ponies. The disease was diagnosed in 11 of them within two days of their arrival at Glasgow University veterinary school and five others developed clinical signs within a further four days, a morbidity rate of 84 per cent. All of the affected ponies had typical signs of strangles including dullness, anorexia, pyrexia, regional lymphadenitis, occasionally with rupture of the lymph node, conjunctivitis and a mucopurulent nasal discharge. Nine of the affected ponies were destroyed during the clinical phase of the disease for post mortem studies. The clinical disease in the remaining animals lasted approximately 21 days although one pony had to be destroyed 10 days after the onset of clinical signs because of the development of septic arthritis. All 16 affected animals exhibited peripheral blood neutrophilia and high plasma fibrinogen levels. beta haemolytic streptococci were isolated by nasopharyngeal swabbing from 18 of the 19 ponies. Streptococcus equi was confirmed only in three animals within the first four days of the outbreak. The majority of the other isolates identified to species were S zooepidemicus. beta haemolytic streptococci were still present in six ponies 40 days after they had clinically recovered and were isolated regularly from three ponies which did not develop clinical strangles but remained in contract with affected animals throughout the study.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Animais , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Cavalos , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
An acute pneumonia developed in 28 calves which had been housed together from one to two weeks of age. The clinical signs included pyrexia, tachypnoea, respiratory distress and coughing. Some of the calves died. The pneumonia was characterised by an alveolitis with multinucleated syncytia, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and bronchiolitis. Interstitial emphysema was also present. Fifteen of 19 calves examined serologically had rising neutralising antibody titres to respiratory syncytial virus; in nine calves the rise was fourfold or greater. Respiratory syncytial virus was not isolated from the calves. There was no evidence of parainfluenza type 3 virus involvement. The adult cows being sucked by the calves remained clinically normal throughout the incident. Six calves examined six weeks after the outbreak started had a chronic cuffing pneumonia characterised by lymphocytic bronchiolitis; some of the calves also had bronchiolitis obliterans. Mycoplasma dispar was found in two of them.