HCN2 channels: a permanent open state and conductance changes.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the membranes of heart and brain cells can conduct Na(+) and K(+) ions and activate between -30 and -120 mV. We express the α subunit of HCN2 channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes and are confronted with two unexpected problems. First, we observe a rise in membrane conductance at resting potential proportional to the amount of expression. On activation to hyperpolarizing potentials, the instantaneous conductance rises in proportion to the amount of activated current. CsCl reduces the observed effects. This can be explained by the expression in oocytes membranes of a fraction of permanently open HCN2 channels. Second, using TEVC technique, our data show a completely different behaviour in physiological solutions of heterogeneously expressed HCN2 currents from what is observed in wild-type currents in the absence of drugs. During pulse trains, we frequently observe (1) a fast and significant decline of the amplitude of HCN2 current during hyperpolarizing steps, (2) no recovery of this decline after a long period at resting membrane potential, (3) a different behaviour of the tail currents at depolarization with other and slower changes than during activation, (4) recovery of this decline in high K(+)/low Na(+) bath solution. The decline of the HCN2 current in physiological conditions is caused by a reduction of the conductance of the HCN2 channel presumably caused by the mere presence of sodium in the channel, in competition with potassium ions and with a limitative effect on the channel conductance.

Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine.

The action of the bradycardiac agents, cilobradine (DK-AH269) and zatebradine (UL-FS49), on the cardiac pacemaker current (If) was investigated on short Purkinje fibres from sheep hearts, using the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique, and on isolated rabbit sino-atrial cells with the patch clamp technique. These drugs reduce dose dependently the amplitude of the If, without modifying either the voltage dependence or the kinetics of channel activation. When voltage-clamp pulse trains were applied, cilobradine induced a use-dependent blockade of If that was stronger and faster than that with zatebradine. Recovery from blockade during prolonged hyperpolarization was significantly faster with zatebradine. Presumably, both drugs block the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel by gaining access to a binding site within the open channel pore, and are removed from the blocking site by strong hyperpolarization with large inward If through the open channel. Cilobradine, compared to zatebradine blocks If more effectively and faster in both preparations. Consequently cilobradine strongly reduces the pacemaker diastolic depolarization rate and the cell's firing frequency.