Trends in alcohol consumption in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country analysis.

During the first sequence of lockdowns implemented in many countries around the world in early 2020 as a result of the emerging COVID-19 pandemic, there was widespread concern amongst many health professionals regarding a predicted rise in alcohol consumption. However, studies have reported diverse findings, with some consumer groups exhibiting an increase and others a decrease in their alcohol purchase and consumption patterns. Although the long-lasting changes in alcohol consumption, if any, are still unknown, the current situation has effectively accelerated a number of pre-existing trends which will likely continue in the future. E-commerce is growing steadily, mainly because of the restrictions within the on-trade channel and concerns around catching COVID-19 amongst consumers, thus lifting traditional barriers to the adoption of digital channels. Premiumization has also grown significantly during the pandemic, especially in the spirits category, due, in part, to the fact that consumers have been increasingly trying to recreate bar and restaurant quality gastronomic experiences in the privacy of their own homes. The trend toward homemade experiences is multi-stakeholder as consumers, retailers, restaurateurs, bar owners, and brands all try to help facilitate at-home consumption experiences. Larger size purchases seem to reflect not only the stockpiling phenomena that occurred during the initial phases of the pandemic but also convenience for consumers (e.g., avoiding queues). Additionally, the growing home mixology movement has been observed to result in consumers buying larger amounts of alcohol in order to facilitate cocktail making experimentation at home. It is important to stress, though, that this review was specially focused on available data from the first three quarters of 2020, as an effort to identify and understand the initial impacts the COVID-19 was creating amongst alcohol consumers. It currently remains uncertain how these trends will evolve, and whether or not they will continue post COVID-19 (whenever that might be). Key similarities and differences across national markets are highlighted.

[Pediatric liver transplantation]. / Trasplante hepático en niños.

Pediatric liver transplantation has evolved over the last two decades into an effective and widely accepted therapy for infants and children. Currently, these high-risk patients achieve 85 to 90% one-year patient survival and an excellent quality of life. This paper reviews the special features of the pediatric recipient, the surgical innovations developed to be able to offer them a transplant (reduced size, live donor, split, and auxiliary partial transplantation), the most significant issues in anesthetic, immunosuppressive and postoperative care in children, as well as a global picture of the results. Additionally, the experience of the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez is presented, as the largest and most successful series of pediatric liver transplantation in the country, where the first successful live donor liver transplantation and the first simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in a child were performed.

Trasplante hepático en niños / Pediatric liver transplantation

Pediatric liver transplantation has evolved over the last two decades into an effective and widely accepted therapy for infants and children. Currently, these high-risk patients achieve 85 to 90% one-year patient survival and an excellent quality of life. This paper reviews the special features of the pediatric recipient, the surgical innovations developed to be able to offer them a transplant (reduced size, live donor, split, and auxiliary partial transplantation), the most significant issues in anesthetic, immunosuppressive and postoperative care in children, as well as a global picture of the results. Additionally, the experience of the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez is presented, as the largest and most successful series of pediatric liver transplantation in the country, where the first successful live donor liver transplantation and the first simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in a child were performed.

El trasplante hepático pediátrico ha evolucionado durante las últimas dos décadas, hasta convertirse en una terapia efectiva y ampliamente aceptada para tratar lactantes y niños. Estos pacientes, considerados de alto riesgo, actualmente logran tasas de sobrevida actuarial al año cercanas a 85-90%, con una excelente calidad de vida después del trasplante. Este artículo revisa las particularidades del receptor pediátrico, las innovaciones quirúrgicas que se desarrollaron para poderles ofrecer un trasplante (trasplante reducido, de donador vivo, dividido o "split" y auxiliar parcial), los puntos más importantes del manejo anestésico, inmunosupresión y cuidados postrasplante en niños, y un panorama de los resultados actuales a nivel mundial. Se presenta además la experiencia del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, que cuenta con la serie de trasplante hepático en niños más grande y con mejores resultados del país, el primer trasplante de hígado de donador vivo con éxito y el primer trasplante hepático-renal simultáneo en un niño en México.

Factores de riesgo asociado a neumonía nosocomial en niños / Nosocomial pneumonia-associated risk factors in children

Introducción. La neumonía nosocomial constituye la mayor causa de mortalidad en pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: identificar los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de neumonía nosocomial en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel.Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles pareado por edad, tiempo de hospitalización y servicio clínico. Se seleccionaron 3 controles por cada caso con un total de 72 casos y 216 controles con edades de recién nacidos hasta 18 años. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonía nosocomial de acuerdo a los criterios de la Norma Oficial Mexicana. El análisis estadístico se realizó con cálculo de razón de momios y para determinar la significancia estadística se usó la prueba chi cuadrada.Resultados. Los factores de riesgo encontrados estadísticamente significativos (P<0.05) fueron: inmunocompromiso, desnutrición, catéter venoso central, ventilación mecánica y el estar en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (P<0.001). La mortalidad asociada fue de 37.5 por ciento en el grupo con neumonía nosocomial comparado a 9.30 por ciento en el grupo control (P<0.001).Conclusiones. El presente estudio confirma la identificación de factores de riesgo en niños similares a los encontrados en adultos. Esta información es de utilidad para desarrollar programas específicos de prevención.