Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Biventricular Pacing After Left Ventricular Assist Device.

BACKGROUND: Despite cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), some patients with heart failure progress and undergo left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Management of CRT after LVAD implantation has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether RV pacing or biventricular pacing measurably affects acute hemodynamics in patients with an LVAD and a CRT device. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven patients with CRT and LVAD underwent right heart catheterization. Pressures and oximetry were measured and LVAD parameters were recorded during 3 different conditions: RV pacing alone, biventricular pacing, and intrinsic atrioventricular conduction. Paired t tests were used to evaluate changes within subjects. There were no significant changes in right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressures, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, or any LVAD parameter (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that CRT probably has no acute hemodynamic effect in patients with LVADs, but further study is needed.

Significant Discrepancy Between Estimated and Actual Longevity in St. Jude Medical Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators.

BACKGROUND: Real-time estimated longevity has been reported in pacemakers for several years, and was recently introduced in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the accuracy of this longevity estimate in St. Jude Medical (SJM) ICDs, especially as the device battery approaches depletion. METHODS: Among patients with SJM ICDs who underwent generator replacements due to reaching elective replacement indicator (ERI) at our institution, we identified those with devices that provided longevity estimates and reviewed their device interrogations in the 18 months prior to ERI. Significant discrepancy was defined as a difference of more than 12 months between estimated and actual longevity at any point during this period. RESULTS: Forty-six patients with Current/Promote devices formed the study group (40 cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT] and 6 single/dual chamber). Of these, 34 (74%) had significant discrepancy between estimated and actual longevity (28 CRT and all single/dual). Longevity was significantly overestimated by the device algorithm (mean maximum discrepancy of 18.8 months), more in single/dual than CRT devices (30.5 vs. 17.1 months). Marked discrepancy was seen at voltages ≥2.57 volts, with maximum discrepancy at 2.57 volts (23 months). The overall longevity was higher in the discrepant group of CRT devices than in the nondiscrepant group (67 vs. 61 months, log-rank P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: There was significant overestimation of longevity in nearly three-fourths of Current/Promote SJM ICDs in the last 18 months prior to ERI. Longevity estimates of SJM ICDs may not be reliable for making clinical decisions on frequency of follow-up, as the battery approaches depletion.

A novel electrocardiographic criterion for differentiating a left from right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia origin: the V2S/V3R index.

INTRODUCTION: Although several ECG criteria have been proposed for differentiating between left and right origins of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VA) originating from the outflow tract (OT-VA), their accuracy and usefulness remain limited. This study was undertaken to develop a more accurate and useful ECG criterion for differentiating between left and right OT-VA origins. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied OT-VAs with a left bundle branch block pattern and inferior axis QRS morphology in 207 patients who underwent successful catheter ablation in the right (RVOT; n = 154) or left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT; n = 53). The surface ECGs during the OT-VAs and during sinus beats were analyzed with an electronic caliper. The V2S/V3R index was defined as the S-wave amplitude in lead V2 divided by the R-wave amplitude in lead V3 during the OT-VA. The V2S/V3R index was significantly smaller for LVOT origins than RVOT origins (P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for the V2S/V3R index by a receiver operating characteristic analysis was 0.964, with a cut-off value of ≤1.5 predicting an LVOT origin with an 89% sensitivity and 94% specificity. In the AUC and accuracy, the V2S/V3R index was superior to any previously proposed ECG criteria in an analysis of all OT-VAs. This advantage of the V2S/V3R index over the V2 transition ratio and other indices also held true for a subanalysis of 77 OT-VAs with a lead V3 precordial transition. CONCLUSION: The V2S/V3R index outperformed other ECG criteria to differentiate left from right OT-VA origins independent of the site of the precordial transition.

Dabigatran versus warfarin therapy for uninterrupted oral anticoagulation during atrial fibrillation ablation.

BACKGROUND: Uninterrupted oral anticoagulant (OA) therapy with warfarin has become the standard of care at many centers performing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Compared with warfarin, dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of stroke in nonvalvular AF with similar bleeding risk. Few data exist on the safety profile of uninterrupted dabigatran therapy during AF ablation. METHODS: We compared the safety and efficacy of uninterrupted OA therapy with either warfarin or dabigatran in all patients undergoing AF catheter ablation at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between November 1, 2010 and January 31, 2012. All patients underwent a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) on the day of their ablation procedure to assess for the presence of intracardiac thrombi. All complications were identified and classified as bleeding, thromboembolic events, or other. RESULTS: There were 212 patients in the dabigatran group and 251 patients in the warfarin group. The groups were well matched. There were 3 complications in the dabigatran group and 6 in the warfarin group (P = 0.45). There were 2 bleeding complications in the dabigatran group and 6 in the warfarin group (P = 0.23). There was one thromboembolic complication (a possible TIA) in the dabigatran group and none in the warfarin group (P = 0.28). CONCLUSION: The administration of dabigatran is as safe and effective as warfarin for uninterrupted OA therapy during catheter ablation of AF.

Cardiovascular implantable electronic device implantation with uninterrupted dabigatran: comparison to uninterrupted warfarin.

BACKGROUND: While continuation of oral anticoagulation (OAC) with warfarin may be preferable to interruption and bridging with heparin for patients undergoing cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation, it is uncertain whether the same strategy can be safely used with dabigatran. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To determine the risk of bleeding and thromboembolic complications associated with uninterrupted OAC during CIED implantation, replacement, or revision, the outcomes of patients receiving uninterrupted dabigatran (D) were compared to those receiving warfarin (W). RESULTS: D was administered the day of CIED implant in 48 patients (age 66 ± 12.4 years, 13 F and 35 M, 21 ICDs and 27 PMs), including new implant in 25 patients, replacement in 14 patients, and replacement plus lead revision in 9 patients. D was held the morning of the procedure in 14 patients (age 70 ± 11 years, 4 F and 10 M, 5 ICDs and 9 PMs). W was continued in 195 patients (age 60 ± 14.4 years, 54 F, and 141 M), including new implant in 122 patients, replacement in 33 patients, and replacement plus lead revision or upgrade in 40 patients. Bleeding complications occurred in 1 of 48 patients (2.1%) with uninterrupted dabigatran (a late pericardial effusion), 0 of 14 with interrupted D, and 9 of 195 patients (4.6%) on W (9 pocket hematomas), P = 0.69. Fifty percent of bleeding complications were associated with concomitant antiplatelet medications. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of bleeding complications is similar during CIED implantation with uninterrupted D or W. The risks are higher when OAC is combined with antiplatelet drugs.

Successful reduction of a high defibrillation threshold by a combined implantation of a subcutaneous array and azygos vein lead.

A 72-year-old man with nonischemic cardiomyopathy was referred because his implantable cardioverter defibrillator had failed to terminate spontaneous ventricular fibrillation (VF). Defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing confirmed that 830-V shocks failed to defibrillate VF despite optimization of the biphasic waveform and reversal of shock polarity. The placement of a new right ventricular lead and the addition of a subcutaneous array failed to defibrillate VF at 830 V. The combination of a subcutaneous array and azygos vein coil successfully defibrillated VF. The mechanism for successful DFT reduction was likely greater current supplied to the posterior basal left ventricle by the azygos vein lead.

Successful epicardial catheter ablation of a septal ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction.

A 55-year-old man underwent catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) after anterior myocardial infarction. Although electrophysiological study suggested that the VT originated from the septum, biventricular endocardial irrigated radiofrequency ablation failed to interrupt the VT. Epicardial ablation at the site located halfway between the lesions in the right and left ventricles via a pericardial approach eliminated the VT, suggesting that the VT likely originated from the top of the septum. When VTs originating from the upper septum are refractory to endocardial ablation, epicardial mapping and ablation may be considered because only that site may be accessible with an epicardial approach.

Demonstration of a right ventricular substrate of ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction.

A 57-year-old man with prior anteroseptal myocardial infarction underwent catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) exhibiting a left bundle branch block QRS morphology. After failed left ventricular ablation, catheter ablation from the right ventricle (RV) eliminated the VT. An RV voltage map demonstrated an area of low voltage around the successful ablation site that likely allowed for a VT substrate.

Biventricular pacing improves cardiac function and prevents further left atrial remodeling in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation.

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials have demonstrated benefits of biventricular (BiV) pacing in patients with advanced heart failure, intraventricular conduction delay, and atrial fibrillation (AF) post-atrioventricular (AV) node ablation. The AV Node Ablation with CLS and CRT Pacing Therapies for Treatment of AF trial (AVAIL CLS/CRT) was designed to demonstrate superiority of BiV pacing in patients with AF after AV node ablation, to evaluate its effects on cardiac structure and function, and to investigate additional benefits of Closed Loop Stimulation (CLS) (BIOTRONIK, Berlin, Germany). METHODS: Patients with refractory AF underwent AV node ablation and were randomized (2:2:1) to BiV pacing with CLS, BiV pacing with accelerometer, or right ventricular (RV) pacing. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and 6 months, with paired data available for 108 patients. RESULTS: The RV pacing contributed to significant increase in left atrial volume, left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume, and LV mass compared to BiV pacing. Ejection fraction decreased insignificantly with RV pacing compared to significant increase with BiV pacing. Interventricular dyssynchrony significantly decreased with BiV compared with RV pacing. Closed Loop Stimulation did not result in additional echocardiographic changes; heart rate distribution was significantly wider with CLS. All groups showed significant improvement in 6-minute walk distance, quality-of-life score, and New York Heart Association class. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, RV pacing results in significant increase in left atrial volume, LV mass, and worsening of LV contractility compared to patients receiving BiV pacing post-AV node ablation for refractory AF. Closed Loop Stimulation was not associated with additional structural changes but resulted in significantly wider heart rate distribution.

Limited response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with concomitant right ventricular dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and LV dyssynchrony may respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is a predictor of decreased survival in patients with LVD, and its influence on clinical response to CRT is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of RVD on the clinical response to CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients who underwent implantation of a CRT implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) were included and deemed to have RVD based on a RV ejection fraction <0.40. A lack of response to CRT was defined as: death, heart transplantation, implantation of an LV assist device, absent improvement in NYHA functional class at 6 months or hospice care. Among 130 patients included (mean age 58 +/- 11 years, 68.5% male, 87.7% Caucasian, 51.5% nonischemic cardiomyopathy), 77 (59.2%) had no response to CRT as defined above. Of the nonresponders, 43 (56%) had RVD and 34 (44%) did not have RVD (P = 0.02). After adjustment for age, race, gender, cardiomyopathy type, atrial fibrillation, serum sodium, and severe mitral regurgitation, RVD (adjusted OR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.14-0.82), female gender (adjusted OR = 0.36, 95%CI 0.14-0.95), and serum creatinine (adjusted OR = 0.25, 95%CI 0.09-0.71) were independently associated with decreased odds of response to CRT. There was a significant difference in survival of patients with and without RVD after CRT (log rank P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: RVD represents a strong predictor of lack of clinical response to CRT in patients with CHF due to LVD and should be considered when prescribing CRT.

Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the papillary muscles in the left ventricle: prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics, and results of the radiofrequency catheter ablation.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) can originate from the left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles (PAMs). This study investigated the prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics, and results of catheter ablation of these VAs, and compared them with other LV VAs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 71 patients with VAs originating from the LV anterolateral and posteroseptal regions among 159 patients undergoing successful catheter ablation of idiopathic LV VAs. PAM VAs were uncommon, rare in a sustained form, and more common from the posterior papillary muscle (PPM) than anterior papillary muscle (APM). A younger age was a good predictor for differentiating left posterior fascicular VAs from PPM VAs. There were several electrocardiographic features that accurately differentiated PAM and LV fascicular VAs from mitral annular VAs. However, an R/S ratio < or =1 in lead V6 in the LV anterolateral region and a QRS duration >160 ms in the LV posteroseptal region were the only reliable predictors for differentiating PAM VAs from LV fascicular VAs. A sharp ventricular prepotential was recorded at the successful ablation site during 42% of the PAM VAs. Radiofrequency current with an irrigated or conventional 8-mm tip ablation catheter was required to achieve a lasting ablation of the PAM VA origins whereas that with a nonirrigated 4-mm tip ablation catheter produced excellent results in LV fascicular and mitral annular VAs. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features among VAs originating from these regions that are helpful for their diagnosis and effective catheter ablation.

Idiopathic left ventricular arrhythmias originating adjacent to the left aortic sinus of valsalva: electrophysiological rationale for the surface electrocardiogram.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) may be amenable to catheter ablation within or adjacent to the left sinus of Valsalva (LSOV). However, features that discriminate these sites have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features of VAs originating within or adjacent to the LSOV. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 48 consecutive patients undergoing successful catheter ablation of idiopathic VAs originating from the left coronary cusp (LCC, n = 29), aortomitral continuity (AMC, n = 10) and great cardiac vein or anterior interventricular cardiac vein (Epi, n = 9). A small r wave, or rarely an R wave, was typically observed in lead I during the VAs and pacing in these regions. An S wave in lead V5 or V6 occurred significantly more often during both the VAs and pacing from the AMC than during that from the LCC and Epi (p < 0.05 to 0.0001). For discriminating whether VA origins can be ablated endocardially or epicardially, the maximum deflection index (MDI = the shortest time to the maximum deflection in any precordial lead/QRS duration) was reliable for VAs arising from the AMC (100%), but was less reliable for LCC (73%) and Epi (67%) VAs. In 3 (33%) of the Epi VAs, the site of an excellent pace map was located transmurally opposite to the successful ablation site (LCC = 1 and AMC = 2). CONCLUSIONS: The MDI has limited value for discriminating endocardial from epicardial VA origins in sites adjacent to the LSOV probably due to preferential conduction, intramural VA origins or myocardium in contact with the LCC.

Focal ventricular arrhythmias originating from the left ventricle adjacent to the membranous septum.

AIMS: We report the features of focal ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the left ventricle (LV) adjacent to the membranous septum. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied eight patients (five men, 65 ± 10 years) with (n = 2) or without structural heart disease (n = 6) who had ventricular tachycardia (n = 4) or premature ventricular contractions (n = 4) originating from the LV septum underneath the aorta. Ventricular arrhythmias exhibited a focal activation pattern, left (n = 4) or right bundle branch block (n = 4), respectively, left superior (n = 4) or inferior axis QRS morphology (n = 4), negative QRS polarity in lead III and early or no precordial transition in all. During all of these VAs, far-field electrograms in the His bundle (HB) region preceded the QRS onset. In all patients, ventricular pre-potentials were recorded during VAs while late potentials were recorded in sinus rhythm at the border of a localized low-voltage area underneath the aorta. Radiofrequency catheter ablation at the presumed sites of origin successfully eliminated VAs in five patients and was abandoned in the remaining three because the HB electrogram was recorded at that site. CONCLUSION: Focal VAs may arise from the LV adjacent to the membranous septum as a part of the LV ostium, and broadens the spectrum of LV ostium VAs.

Successful catheter ablation of epicardial ventricular tachycardia worsened by cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Soon after an upgrade from a single-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with an ICD, a 64-year-old man with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy began to have increasingly frequent ICD shocks for slow ventricular tachycardia (VT). At electrophysiological study, no clinical VT was induced by endocardial right ventricular pacing, but was easily induced by epicardial left ventricular (LV) pacing via a subxiphoid pericardial approach. The VT was successfully ablated on the LV epicardial surface. This case suggests that epicardial catheter ablation may be an alternative for managing CRT-induced proarrhythmias without the inactivation of LV pacing.

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left ventricle near the His bundle.

A 62-year-old man with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) exhibiting left bundle branch block and left inferior axis QRS morphology with a Qr in lead III underwent electrophysiological testing. Successful ablation was achieved in the left ventricle (LV) at a site with an excellent pace map, adjacent to the His bundle electrogram recording site. At that site, the sequence of the ventricular electrogram and late potential recorded during sinus rhythm reversed during spontaneous premature ventricular contractions with the same QRS morphology as the VT. This case shows that VT can arise from the LV ostium adjacent to the membranous septum.

Proarrhythmic aspects of atrial fibrillation surgery: mechanisms of postoperative macroreentrant tachycardias.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for the treatment of atrial fibrillation may be associated with early or late postoperative atrial arrhythmias. In many cases, the arrhythmias that occur early in the postoperative course may be related to pericardial inflammation or increased catecholamine levels and tend to resolve without further therapy. In contrast, late postoperative arrhythmias often are persistent, highly symptomatic, and refractory to medical therapy. The incidence and mechanisms of these late atrial arrhythmias have not been thoroughly described. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, a total of 143 consecutive patients undergoing atrial fibrillation surgery from 1996 to 2005 were prospectively followed up. Sustained atrial tachycardia developed in 22 of 143 patients (15%) >8 weeks after the surgical procedure. These patients underwent electrophysiological study. A total of 25 separate tachycardias were mapped in these 22 patients, including 15 located in right atrium and 10 in the left atrium. Right atrial tachycardias included cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter (n=7), non-isthmus-dependent right atrial reentry (n=7), and 1 focal atrial tachycardia. Left atrial tachycardias included reentry around the mitral valve (n=3) and in the roof of the left atrium (n=7). All tachycardias were successfully treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation with no recurrences in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative arrhythmias are not uncommon late after surgery for atrial fibrillation and typically are reentrant and related to surgically created boundaries. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is highly effective in the management of these late arrhythmias.

Epicardial macro-reentrant ventricular tachycardia exhibiting an endocardial centrifugal activation pattern in a case with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Macro-Reentrant ARVC epi-VT with a Focal Endo-Activation. A 55-year-old man with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy underwent catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) with left bundle branch block and left superior axis QRS morphology with an early precordial transition. Endocardial mapping during the VT revealed a focal activation pattern from a small region of low voltage in the left ventricular (LV) septum. Despite earliest endocardial activation in the LV septum, epicardial mapping demonstrated a macro-reentrant circuit with successful catheter ablation at an inferior peritricuspid annular site. Activation from the reentrant circuit propagated through the scar area in the epicardial right ventricle to the remote endocardial LV breakout site.

Successful transseptal catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions arising from the mitral annulus: a case with a pure annular origin.

A 74-year-old man with symptomatic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with a right bundle branch block and right inferior axis QRS morphology underwent electrophysiologic testing. During the PVCs, coronary sinus mapping revealed ventricular prepotentials with the earliest activation in the distal great cardiac vein (GCV) where the local ventricular electrograms were smaller in amplitude than the atrial electrograms. The transaortic approach could not reach the earliest activation site within the GCV, but the transseptal catheter ablation successfully eliminated the PVCs on the mitral valve. With catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias with pure mitral annular origins, a transseptal approach may be necessary.

Catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions arising from the mitral annulus after mitral valvoplasty.

A 57-year-old man undergoing mitral valvoplasty underwent catheter ablation of symptomatic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with a right bundle branch block and right inferior axis QRS morphology. Left ventriculography revealed a normal left ventricular function and visualized the anatomical relationships between the left ventricular outflow tract and the mitral annuloplasty ring. Electroanatomic mapping during the PVCs revealed a centrifugal activation pattern arising from the mitral annulus, and the PVCs were likely to be idiopathic. Successful radiofrequency ablation was achieved at the site close to the antero-paraseptal end of the mitral annuloplasty ring, which was located adjacent to the fibrous trigone.

Focal atrial fibrillation in dextrocardia.

A 49-year-old woman with dextrocardia and situs inversus underwent catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). During the electrophysiologic study, AF triggered by frequent premature atrial contractions (PACs) with a short coupling interval exhibiting a "P on T" pattern occurred. Pulmonary vein mapping revealed that those PACs originated from right-sided (anatomic left) or left-sided (anatomic right) pulmonary veins. In this case with mirror-image dextrocardia, the P-wave morphologies in leads I and aVL and the II/III ratio of the P-wave amplitude were helpful for predicting a right- or left-sided pulmonary vein origin.