Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder.

Excessive alcohol use is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States, with alcohol-related deaths increasing during the pandemic. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration recommends that physicians offer pharmacotherapy with behavioral interventions for patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder. Several medications are available to help patients reduce drinking and maintain abstinence; however, in 2019, only 7.3% of Americans with alcohol use disorder received any treatment, and only 1.6% were prescribed medications to treat the disorder. Strong evidence shows that naltrexone and gabapentin reduce heavy-drinking days and that acamprosate prevents return-to-use in patients who are currently abstinent; moderate evidence supports the use of topiramate in decreasing heavy-drinking days. Disulfiram has been commonly prescribed, but little evidence supports its effectiveness outside of supervised settings. Other medications, including varenicline and baclofen, may be beneficial in reducing heavy alcohol use. Antidepressants do not decrease alcohol use in patients who do not have mood disorders, but they may help patients who meet criteria for depression to decrease their alcohol intake. Systematic policies are needed to expand the use of medications when treating alcohol use disorder in inpatient and outpatient populations.

Coverage and Access for Americans With Chronic Disease Under the Affordable Care Act: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: Half of Americans have at least 1 chronic disease. Many in this group, particularly racial/ethnic minorities, lacked insurance coverage and access to care before the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the ACA has had an effect on insurance coverage, access to care, and racial/ethnic disparities among adults with chronic disease. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental policy intervention. SETTING: Nationally representative, noninstitutionalized sample in the United States. PATIENTS: 606 277 adults aged 18 to 64 years with a chronic disease. INTERVENTION: Implementation of ACA provisions on 1 January 2014. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported insurance coverage, having a checkup, having a personal physician, and not having to forgo a needed physician visit because of cost. RESULTS: After the ACA was implemented, insurance coverage increased by 4.9 percentage points (95% CI, 4.4 to 5.4), not having to forgo a physician visit increased by 2.4 percentage points (CI, 1.9 to 2.9), and having a checkup increased by 2.7 percentage points (CI, 2.2 to 3.4). Having a personal physician did not change (0.3 percentage points [CI, -0.2 to 0.8]). All outcomes varied considerably by state, and coverage increased more in states that expanded Medicaid. Although racial/ethnic minorities had greater improvements in some outcomes, approximately 1 in 5 black and 1 in 3 Hispanic persons with a chronic disease continued to lack coverage and access to care after ACA implementation. LIMITATION: The study examined data from only the first year of the ACA's major coverage expansion provisions. CONCLUSION: Although the ACA increased coverage and access for persons with chronic disease, substantial gaps remain, particularly for minorities and those in Medicaid nonexpansion states. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Use of text messaging for maternal and infant health: a systematic review of the literature.

Text messaging is an increasingly popular communication tool in health interventions, but has been little studied in maternal and infant health. This literature review evaluates studies of text messaging that may be applied to the promotion of maternal and infant health. Articles from peer-reviewed journals published before June 2012 were included if they were experimental or quasi-experimental studies of behaviors endorsed either by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the American Pediatrics Association, or the United States Preventive Services Task Force; included reproductive age women (12-50 years) or infants up to 2 years of age; and were available in English. Qualitative studies of text messaging specific to pregnant women were also included. Studies were compared and contrasted by key variables, including: design, time-period, study population, and results. Forty-eight articles were included, 30 of which were randomized controlled trials. Interventions vary greatly in effectiveness and soundness of methodology, but collectively indicate that there is a wide range of preventative behaviors that text message interventions can effectively promote, including smoking cessation, diabetes control, appointment reminders, medication adherence, weight loss, and vaccine uptake. Common methodological issues include not accounting for attention affect and not aligning text message content to measured outcomes. Those interventions that are based on an established theory of behavior change and use motivational as opposed to informational language are more likely to be successful. Building on the growing body of evidence for text message interventions reviewed here, as well as the growing popularity of text messaging as a medium, researchers should be able to use this technology to engage difficult to reach populations.

Outcomes of a mobile medical unit for low-threshold buprenorphine access targeting opioid overdose hot spots in Chicago.

INTRODUCTION: Opioid overdoses in Chicago are unevenly distributed, affecting medically underserved neighborhoods most acutely. Innovations in reaching patients perceived to be hard-to-reach (e.g., unstably housed, marginalized), especially in these underserved neighborhoods, are urgently needed to combat the overdose crisis. This study characterizes the pilot year of a mobile medical unit partnership between a large urban academic center and a community-based harm reduction organization in Chicago. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients who were seen on a mobile medical unit focused on providing low-threshold buprenorphine and primary care in areas with high opioid overdose rates on Chicago's West Side. Treatment episodes were accrued between July 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022 in the first year of operation. The main outcomes were number of patients seen, demographic characteristics of patients, and reason(s) for visit over time. RESULTS: The study saw 587 unique patients on the mobile medical unit between July 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022. Approximately 64.6 % were African American, and more than half lacked active insurance or could not confirm insurance status at the time of visit. The most common reason for initial visit was COVID-19 vaccination (42.4 %), and the most common reason for follow-up visit was buprenorphine treatment (51.0 %). Eleven patients initially presented for other health concerns and later returned to initiate buprenorphine. CONCLUSIONS: The mobile medical unit successfully reached nearly 600 patients in traditionally medically underserved Chicago neighborhoods with the highest overdose rates. The mobile unit's integrated approach met a variety of health needs, including buprenorphine initiation, with a unique opportunity for postoverdose initiation. Several patients initiated buprenorphine after presenting for different health concerns, showing the potential of an integrated approach to build on past mobile outreach programs and reach people with opioid use disorder who are not yet ready to initiate treatment.

Increased utilization of buprenorphine and methadone in 2018 compared to 2015 among Seattle-area persons who inject drugs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe utilization patterns of methadone and buprenorphine among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the Seattle area in 2018, compared to 2015. METHODS: Data from the 2018 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) system were used to compare the proportions of PWID reporting treatment with buprenorphine or methadone to survey responses in 2015. Temporal trends were assessed by calculating adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The sample included 498 PWID, of whom 39.2% (95% CI: 34.8-43.6%) reported past-year treatment with methadone and 21.9% (95% CI: 18.3-25.8%) reported buprenorphine. Participants in 2018 were significantly more likely to report past year receipt of buprenorphine (aPR = 4.43, 95% CI: 2.81-7.01) or methadone (aPR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02-1.87) compared to 2015. Most buprenorphine treated participants (67.6%) reported that they had received buprenorphine through low-barrier, community, or nonprofit programs. CONCLUSIONS: Among PWID who use opioids in the Seattle area, methadone use increased 38%, and buprenorphine use more than quadrupled from 2015 to 2018. Approximately half of surveyed PWID who use opioids still reported no treatment with either medication, highlighting remaining treatment gaps.

Is health literacy related to health behaviors and cell phone usage patterns among the text4baby target population?

BACKGROUND: Text4baby provides educational text messages to pregnant and postpartum women and targets underserved women. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the health behaviors and cell phone usage patterns of a text4baby target population and the associations with health literacy. METHODS: Pregnant and postpartum women were recruited from two Women, Infant and Children clinics in Atlanta. Women were asked about their demographics, selected pregnancy or postpartum health behaviors, and cell phone usage patterns. Health literacy skills were measured with the English version of the Newest Vital Sign. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine health behaviors and cell usage patterns by health literacy classification, controlling for commonly accepted confounders. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-eight women were recruited, and 445 completed the Newest Vital Sign. Of these, 22% had inadequate health literacy, 50% had intermediate health literacy, and 28% had adequate health literacy skills. Compared to adequate health literacy, limited literacy was independently associated with not taking a daily vitamin during pregnancy (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 8.5) and never breastfeeding their infant (OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8). The majority (69.4%) of respondents received nine or more text messages a day prior to enrollment, one in four participants (24.6%) had changed their number within the last six months, and 7.0% of study participants shared a cell phone. Controlling for potentially confounding factors, those with limited health literacy were more likely to share a cell phone than those with adequate health literacy (OR 2.57, 95% CI: 1.79, 3.69). CONCLUSIONS: Text4baby messages should be appropriate for low health literacy levels, especially as this population may have higher prevalence of targeted unhealthy behaviors. Text4baby and other mhealth programs targetting low health literacy populations should also be aware of the different ways that these populations use their cell phones, including: sharing cell phones, which may mean participants will not receive messages or have special privacy concerns; frequently changing cell phone numbers which could lead to higher drop-off rates; and the penetrance of text messages in a population that receives many messages daily.

The legacy of Brazil's leper colonies

The meaning of Hansen's disease in Brazil has hit an important crossroads. Twenty years after the introduction of multi-drug therapy, the government of Brazil has agreed to pay an indemnity to patients isolated in the leper colonies. Two conflicting images of the disease therefore continue to clash in the minds of Brazilians: one of a disease that is easily cured, and one of an affliction that causes unimaginable suffering. In order for the government's program to be successful, it must first reconcile these images by understanding the policy decisions of the past. Contrary to popular belief, the leper colonies were not simply a reflection of international scientists who sopported isolation for political, cultural, and personal reasons. Uniting with the government, these scientists were able to create a program of isolation that was out of step with contemporary international recommendations, masking the policy's flaws in a reinvention of the disease's past. Only by deconstructing their work can we deconstruct the myths surrounding Hansen's disease, and thus chart a new course for the disease's treatment.

"The Hope of Redemption": science, coercion and the leper colonies of Brazil

It explores the rationale behind leper colonies in Brazil and explains why most of them were built between 1934 to 1945. Through an analysis of leprosy control before 1930, it shows that the knowledge of leprosy, political importance of disease control, and options available to public health officials prevented the government from isolating lepers. During this same period, Brazil's scientific community began to organize and participate more actively in political changes. These scientists viewed leprosy isolation as an important step in legitimizing their own place and Brazil's in the international community. After Getúlio Vargas's rise to power in 1930, the federal government became much more powerful and capable of enforcing leprosy isolation.(AU)

The legacy of Brazil´s leper colonies

The meaning of Hansen´s disease in Brazil has hit an important crossroads. Twenty years the introduction of multi-drug therapy, the government of Brazil has agreed to pay an indemnity to patients isolated in the leper colonies. Two conflicting images of the disease therefore continue to clash in the minds of Brazilians: one of a disease that is easily cured, and one of an affliction that causes unimaginable suffering. In order for the government´s program to be successful, it must first reconcile these images by understanding the policy decisions of the past. Contrary to popular belief, the leper colonies were not simply a reflection od international scientific thought, nor an outgrowth of a longstanding stigma, but the work of a powerful group of scientists who supported isolation for political, cultural, and personal reasons. Uniting with the government, these scientists were able to create a program of isolation that was out-of-step with contemporary international recommendations, masking the policy´s flaws in a reinvention of the disease´s past. Only by deconstructing their work can we deconstructing their work can we deconstruct the myths surrounding Hansen´s disease, and thus charty a new course for the disease´s treatment.