Structural approach to charge density waves in low-dimensional systems: electronic instability and chemical bonding.

The charge density wave (CDW) instability, usually occurring in low-dimensional metals, has been a topic of interest for longtime. However, some very fundamental aspects of the mechanism remain unclear. Recently, a plethora of new CDW materials, a substantial fraction of which is two-dimensional or even three-dimensional, has been prepared and characterised as bulk and/or single-layers. As a result, the need for revisiting the primary mechanism of the instability, based on the electron-hole instability established more than 50 years ago for quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) conductors, has clearly emerged. In this work, we consider a large number of CDW materials to revisit the main concepts used in understanding the CDW instability, and emphasise the key role of the momentum dependent electron-phonon coupling in linking electronic and structural degrees of freedom. We argue that for quasi-1D systems, earlier weak coupling theories work appropriately and the energy gain due to the CDW and the concomitant periodic lattice distortion (PLD) remains primarily due to a Fermi surface nesting mechanism. However, for materials with higher dimensionality, intermediate and strong coupling regimes are generally at work and the modification of the chemical bonding network by the PLD is at the heart of the instability. We emphasise the need for a microscopic approach blending condensed matter physics concepts and state-of-the-art first-principles calculations with quite fundamental chemical bonding ideas in understanding the CDW phenomenon in these materials.

In Silico Investigation of the Biological Implications of Complex DNA Damage with Emphasis in Cancer Radiotherapy through a Systems Biology Approach.

Different types of DNA lesions forming in close vicinity, create clusters of damaged sites termed as "clustered/complex DNA damage" and they are considered to be a major challenge for DNA repair mechanisms resulting in significant repair delays and induction of genomic instability. Upon detection of DNA damage, the corresponding DNA damage response and repair (DDR/R) mechanisms are activated. The inability of cells to process clustered DNA lesions efficiently has a great impact on the normal function and survival of cells. If complex lesions are left unrepaired or misrepaired, they can lead to mutations and if persistent, they may lead to apoptotic cell death. In this in silico study, and through rigorous data mining, we have identified human genes that are activated upon complex DNA damage induction like in the case of ionizing radiation (IR) and beyond the standard DNA repair pathways, and are also involved in cancer pathways, by employing stringent bioinformatics and systems biology methodologies. Given that IR can cause repair resistant lesions within a short DNA segment (a few nm), thereby augmenting the hazardous and toxic effects of radiation, we also investigated the possible implication of the most biologically important of those genes in comorbid non-neoplastic diseases through network integration, as well as their potential for predicting survival in cancer patients.

Single-fiber studies for assigning pathogenicity of eight mitochondrial DNA variants associated with mitochondrial diseases.

Whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing is now systematically used in clinical laboratories to screen patients with a phenotype suggestive of mitochondrial disease. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has significantly increased the number of identified pathogenic mtDNA variants. Simultaneously, the number of variants of unknown significance (VUS) has increased even more, thus challenging their interpretation. Correct classification of the variants' pathogenicity is essential for optimal patient management, including treatment and genetic counseling. Here, we used single muscle fiber studies to characterize eight heteroplasmic mtDNA variants, among which were three novel variants. By applying the pathogenicity scoring system, we classified four variants as "definitely pathogenic" (m.590A>G, m.9166T>C, m.12293G>A, and m.15958A>T). Two variants remain "possibly pathogenic" (m.4327T>C and m.5672T>C) but should these be reported in a different family, they would be reclassified as "definitely pathogenic." We also illustrate the contribution of single-fiber studies to the diagnostic approach in patients harboring pathogenic variants with low level heteroplasmy.

Synthesis and in vitro antitumour activity of carboplatin analogues containing functional handles compatible for conjugation to drug delivery systems.

We describe herein the synthesis of a series of carboplatin derivatives with different functional groups at position 3 of the cyclobutane ring. This pharmacomodulation approach aims at facilitating the vectorisation of these analogues, via their subsequent conjugation to a drug delivery system. Five different derivatives bearing a hydroxy, keto, iodo, azido or amino function at position 3 were synthesised. One of these compounds was coupled to a bifunctional maleimide-containing linker. All compounds were tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity on four different cell lines including two platinum-resistant colorectal cancer cell line (SK-OV-3, HCT116, D3E2, D5B7) using an MTS assay. Overall, the tested compounds were up to six times more potent than carboplatin, especially on D5B7 human colorectal cancer cells. We demonstrated that these modifications led to potent analogues which are compatible with conjugation to a drug delivery system.

IqYmune® is an effective maintenance treatment for multifocal motor neuropathy: A randomised, double-blind, multi-center cross-over non-inferiority study vs Kiovig®-The LIME Study.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is the gold-standard for maintenance treatment of multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN). This phase III, randomised, double-blind, multi-centre, active-control, crossover study, aimed to evaluate the non-inferiority of IqYmune® relative to Kiovig®, primarily based on efficacy criteria. Twenty-two adult MMN patients, treated with any brand of IVIg (except Kiovig® or IqYmune®) at a stable maintenance dose within the range of 1 to 2 g/kg every 4 to 8 weeks, were randomised to receive either Kiovig® followed by IqYmune®, or IqYmune® followed by Kiovig®. Each product was administered for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the difference between IqYmune® and Kiovig® in mean assessments of modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) 10 sum score (strength of 5 upper-limb and 5 lower-limb muscle groups, on both sides, giving a score from 0 to 100) during the evaluation period (non-inferiority margin of Δ = 2). A linear mixed model analysis demonstrated the non-inferiority of IqYmune® relative to Kiovig®, independently of the covariates (value at baseline, treatment period, and treatment sequence). The estimated "IqYmune® - Kiovig®" difference was -0.01, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.51 to 0.48. The number of adverse reactions (ARs) and the percentage of patients affected were similar for the two products: 39 ARs in 10 patients with IqYmune® vs 32 ARs in 11 patients with Kiovig®. No thromboembolic events nor haemolysis nor renal impairment were observed. In this first clinical trial comparing two IVIg brands for maintenance treatment of MMN, efficacy and tolerability of both brands were similar.

High tolerance of progressive elastic compression in peripheral arterial disease.

Background: Theoretically progressive compression stockings, which produce a higher compression at the calf than at the ankle level, improve venous return flow without exacerbating peripheral arterial insufficiency (PAD). We aimed to evaluate the short-term tolerance of elastic progressive compression stockings on peripheral arterial vascularisation in patients with symptomatic PAD and associated mild venous insufficiency. Patients and methods: Monocentric, prospective, open pilot study of 18 patients (acceptability study, 6 x 6 plan) evaluating the short-term tolerance of progressive compression stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in patients with PAD (ankle brachial index ABI > 0.60 < 0.75) and chronic venous insufficiency (C1s-C4 stages of the CEAP classification). Day 15 tolerance was evaluated by a composite primary criteria comprising: no decrease > 15 % of ABI on each side, no decrease > 15 % of toe brachial index (TBI) on each side and no decrease > 25 % of the number of active plantar flexions performed while standing. Results: The proportion of men was 77.8 %, mean age was 77.3 ± 7.5 years and no patient were diabetic. At inclusion, the mean low ABI was 0.60 ± 0.04 and the mean high ABI was 0.77 ± 0.18. The mean low TBI was 0.32 ± 0.09 and the mean high TBI 0.46 ± 0.15. The mean number of active standing plantar flexions was 33.0 ± 5.0. The majority of the patients were classified in CEAP C2s and C3 classes (class 2: 16.7 %, class C2s: 27.8 %, class C3: 44.4 %, class C4: 5.6 % and class C4s: 5.6 %). Poor tolerance occurred in no patient. By day 30, no patient had worsening of their arterial and venous symptoms. No adverse events occurred during the study. Conclusions: These results suggest a high tolerance of progressive elastic stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in symptomatic PAD.

Axonal Neuropathies due to Mutations in Small Heat Shock Proteins: Clinical, Genetic, and Functional Insights into Novel Mutations.

In this study, we describe the phenotypic spectrum of distal hereditary motor neuropathy caused by mutations in the small heat shock proteins HSPB1 and HSPB8 and investigate the functional consequences of newly discovered variants. Among 510 unrelated patients with distal motor neuropathy, we identified mutations in HSPB1 (28 index patients/510; 5.5%) and HSPB8 (four index patients/510; 0.8%) genes. Patients have slowly progressive distal (100%) and proximal (13%) weakness in lower limbs (100%), mild lower limbs sensory involvement (31%), foot deformities (73%), progressive distal upper limb weakness (29%), mildly raised serum creatine kinase levels (100%), and central nervous system involvement (9%). We identified 12 HSPB1 and four HSPB8 mutations, including five and three not previously reported. Transmission was either dominant (78%), recessive (3%), or de novo (19%). Three missense mutations in HSPB1 (Pro7Ser, Gly53Asp, and Gln128Arg) cause hyperphosphorylation of neurofilaments, whereas the C-terminal mutant Ser187Leu triggers protein aggregation. Two frameshift mutations (Leu58fs and Ala61fs) create a premature stop codon leading to proteasomal degradation. Two mutations in HSPB8 (Lys141Met/Asn) exhibited increased binding to Bag3. We demonstrate that HSPB1 and HSPB8 mutations are a major cause of inherited motor axonal neuropathy. Mutations lead to diverse functional outcomes further demonstrating the pleotropic character of small heat shock proteins.

Affected female carriers of MTM1 mutations display a wide spectrum of clinical and pathological involvement: delineating diagnostic clues.

X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM), a severe congenital myopathy, is caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene located on the X chromosome. A majority of affected males die in the early postnatal period, whereas female carriers are believed to be usually asymptomatic. Nevertheless, several affected females have been reported. To assess the phenotypic and pathological spectra of carrier females and to delineate diagnostic clues, we characterized 17 new unrelated affected females and performed a detailed comparison with previously reported cases at the clinical, muscle imaging, histological, ultrastructural and molecular levels. Taken together, the analysis of this large cohort of 43 cases highlights a wide spectrum of clinical severity ranging from severe neonatal and generalized weakness, similar to XLMTM male, to milder adult forms. Several females show a decline in respiratory function. Asymmetric weakness is a noteworthy frequent specific feature potentially correlated to an increased prevalence of highly skewed X inactivation. Asymmetry of growth was also noted. Other diagnostic clues include facial weakness, ptosis and ophthalmoplegia, skeletal and joint abnormalities, and histopathological signs that are hallmarks of centronuclear myopathy such as centralized nuclei and necklace fibers. The histopathological findings also demonstrate a general disorganization of muscle structure in addition to these specific hallmarks. Thus, MTM1 mutations in carrier females define a specific myopathy, which may be independent of the presence of an XLMTM male in the family. As several of the reported affected females carry large heterozygous MTM1 deletions not detectable by Sanger sequencing, and as milder phenotypes present as adult-onset limb-girdle myopathy, the prevalence of this myopathy is likely to be greatly underestimated. This report should aid diagnosis and thus the clinical management and genetic counseling of MTM1 carrier females. Furthermore, the clinical and pathological history of this cohort may be useful for therapeutic projects in males with XLMTM, as it illustrates the spectrum of possible evolution of the disease in patients surviving long term.

New strategy for improving the diagnostic sensitivity of repetitive nerve stimulation in myasthenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnostic sensitivity of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) varies as a function of the number of muscles or the choice of muscles studied. METHODS: By exploring 12 muscles bilaterally, we evaluated the global sensitivity of RNS at rest, the sensitivity in different clinical forms, and the sensitivity of different combinations of muscles studied. RESULTS: The global sensitivity of RNS was 82%, and specificity was 100%. The sensitivity in the MG subgroups was as follows: ocular (O) = 67%; oculobulbar (OB) = 86%; and generalized (G) = 89%. The most sensitive muscles were the anconeus in group O, orbicularis oculi (OO) or nasalis in group OB, and the trapezius in group G. Maximum sensitivity was obtained by exploring OO, trapezius, and anconeus bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend bilateral exploration of at least 3 muscles, a facial muscle, trapezius, and anconeus. Muscle Nerve 55: 532-538, 2017.

Genetic Characterization of a French Cohort of GNE-mutation negative inclusion body myopathy patients with exome sequencing.

INTRODUCTION: Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM) refers to a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases. The overlapping histochemical features of hIBM with other genetic disorders lead to low diagnostic rates with targeted single-gene sequencing. This is true for the most prevalent form of hIBM, GNEpathy. Therefore, we used whole-exome sequencing (WES) to determine whether a cohort of clinically suspected GNEpathy patients undiagnosed by targeted GNE analysis could be genetically characterized. METHODS: Twenty patients with hIBM but undiagnosed by targeted GNE sequencing were analyzed by WES before data filtering on 306 genes associated with neuromuscular disorders. RESULTS: Seven patients out of 20 were found to have disease-causing mutations in genes associated with hIBM or genes allowing for hIBM in the differential diagnosis or associated with unexpected diagnosis. DISCUSSION: Next-generation sequencing is an efficient strategy in the context of hIBM, resulting in a molecular diagnosis for 35% of the patients initially undiagnosed by targeted GNE analysis. Muscle Nerve 56: 993-997, 2017.

Constitutive activation of the calcium sensor STIM1 causes tubular-aggregate myopathy.

Tubular aggregates are regular arrays of membrane tubules accumulating in muscle with age. They are found as secondary features in several muscle disorders, including alcohol- and drug-induced myopathies, exercise-induced cramps, and inherited myasthenia, but also exist as a pure genetic form characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness. We identified dominant STIM1 mutations as a genetic cause of tubular-aggregate myopathy (TAM). Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is the main Ca(2+) sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum, and all mutations were found in the highly conserved intraluminal Ca(2+)-binding EF hands. Ca(2+) stores are refilled through a process called store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). Upon Ca(2+)-store depletion, wild-type STIM1 oligomerizes and thereby triggers extracellular Ca(2+) entry. In contrast, the missense mutations found in our four TAM-affected families induced constitutive STIM1 clustering, indicating that Ca(2+) sensing was impaired. By monitoring the calcium response of TAM myoblasts to SOCE, we found a significantly higher basal Ca(2+) level in TAM cells and a dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Because recessive STIM1 loss-of-function mutations were associated with immunodeficiency, we conclude that the tissue-specific impact of STIM1 loss or constitutive activation is different and that a tight regulation of STIM1-dependent SOCE is fundamental for normal skeletal-muscle structure and function.

Alteration of ganglioside biosynthesis responsible for complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) form a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders. A whole-genome linkage mapping effort was made with three HSP-affected families from Spain, Portugal, and Tunisia and it allowed us to reduce the SPG26 locus interval from 34 to 9 Mb. Subsequently, a targeted capture was made to sequence the entire exome of affected individuals from these three families, as well as from two additional autosomal-recessive HSP-affected families of German and Brazilian origins. Five homozygous truncating (n = 3) and missense (n = 2) mutations were identified in B4GALNT1. After this finding, we analyzed the entire coding region of this gene in 65 additional cases, and three mutations were identified in two subjects. All mutated cases presented an early-onset spastic paraplegia, with frequent intellectual disability, cerebellar ataxia, and peripheral neuropathy as well as cortical atrophy and white matter hyperintensities on brain imaging. B4GALNT1 encodes ß-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1 (B4GALNT1), involved in ganglioside biosynthesis. These findings confirm the increasing interest of lipid metabolism in HSPs. Interestingly, although the catabolism of gangliosides is implicated in a variety of neurological diseases, SPG26 is only the second human disease involving defects of their biosynthesis.

In myotonic dystrophy type 1 reduced FDG-uptake on FDG-PET is most severe in Brodmann area 8.

BACKGROUND: In myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), only one FDG-PET study used statistical parametric mapping (SPM) showing frontal reduced FDG-uptake. Our aim was to 1) identify the FDG-PET area with the most severe reduced FDG-uptake using SPM8 in a larger group of patients 2) assess potential correlation between CTG-numbers and FDG-PET. METHODS: FDG-PET was performed in 24 patients and compared to 24 controls. Pearson's correlation was used to analyse correlation. RESULTS: SPM8 revealed Brodmann area 8 as the area with the most severe reduced FDG-uptake. Weak, although not statistically significant, correlation was observed between CTG-numbers and reduced FDG-uptake in Brodmann area 8. CONCLUSION: In DM1, Brodmann area 8 is the area with the most severe reduced FDG-uptake on FDG-PET. Brodmann area 8 reduced FDG-uptake is correlated -although weakly- to CTG-repeat numbers.

Fibromyalgia-like symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome: A challenging diagnosis of late-onset Pompe disease.

INTRODUCTION: Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which usually presents as a limb-girdle myopathy with early respiratory involvement. METHODS: We report 2 sisters with an uncommon presentation of LOPD characterized by fibromyalgia-like pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome. RESULTS: In both sisters, clinical examination was normal and had remained stable for 10 years. The serum creatine kinase level was mildly elevated. Several muscle biopsies showed slight nonspecific myopathic abnormalities. A dried blood spot test indicated acid maltase deficiency. The diagnosis of LOPD was confirmed genetically. Both sisters subsequently developed proximal muscle weakness after pregnancy and started enzyme replacement therapy. Under treatment, gastrointestinal symptoms improved, but pain persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of this atypical presentation of LOPD to enable earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Should patients with asymptomatic pompe disease be treated? A nationwide study in France.

INTRODUCTION: Acid α-glucosidase deficiency, that is, Pompe disease, is a glycogenosis for which enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available. It is not known whether patients diagnosed at an asymptomatic stage should be treated to prevent progression of the disease. METHODS: We investigated 7 patients with asymptomatic Pompe disease identified from the French Pompe registry. RESULTS: The patients had a mean age of 45 (range 24-75) years, a median follow-up duration of 2 (range 1-22) years, and normal clinical examination, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and echocardiography. All presented with at least 1 subclinical abnormality, including hyperCKemia, vacuolar myopathy, and muscle MRI abnormalities, suggesting that subclinical myopathy was present in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic Pompe disease may remain clinically silent for decades, and affected patients should be monitored closely for overt myopathy using clinical examination, PFTs, and muscle MRI to determine when to start ERT.

Functional impact of vibratory proprioceptive assistance in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we analyzed the effects of a rehabilitation method based on the use of vibratory proprioceptive assistance (VPA) in subjects with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. METHODS: Eight subjects were given 1 month of mechanical vibratory treatment that consisted of 8 sessions of 40-min stimulation on the more affected side. During each session, illusory movements were induced as follows: sensations of extension or flexion of the forearm or elevation of the arm via vibration applied to the distal tendon of the biceps brachialis (BB), triceps brachialis (TB), or pectoralis major muscles (PM), respectively, and of elevation of the arm with extension or flexion of the forearm via vibration of PM+BB or PM+TB, respectively. RESULTS: Treatment led to a significant increase in the amplitude of voluntary shoulder flexion, constant score, and self-rated health. CONCLUSION: VPA may serve as a rehabilitation method for reducing the deleterious effects of decline in motor activities.

Triple-stimulation technique improves the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.

INTRODUCTION: A difficult clinical situation occurs when a chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) patient does not fulfill any of the diagnostic criteria. Moreover, nerve conduction studies (NCS) can be consistent with axonal neuropathy and lead to misdiagnosis. METHODS: We aimed to assess the usefulness of the triple-stimulation technique (TST) for detection of proximal conduction blocks (CBs) in patients with axonal-like CIDP. Four patients with axonal-like CIDP were studied and compared with 10 typical CIDP patients. In the axonal-like group, NCS showed a decrease in compound muscle action potential amplitude without features of demyelination, but nerve biopsy showed features of demyelination in all 4. RESULTS: Twelve nerves were tested with TST, and 8 CBs were detected between the root emergence and the Erb point in the 4 patients, all of whom improved after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. CONCLUSION: TST can identify very proximal CBs in CIDP. The sensitivity of nerve conduction studies may be improved by TST in CIDP.

Comparing the NIS vs. MRC and INCAT sensory scale through Rasch analyses.

We performed a comparison between Neuropathy Impairment Scale-sensory (NISs) vs. the modified Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment sensory scale (mISS), and NIS-motor vs. the Medical Research Council sum score in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance-related polyneuropathy (MGUSP). The ordinal data were subjected to Rasch analyses, creating Rasch-transformed (RT)-intervals for all measures. Comparison between measures was based on validity/reliability with an emphasis on responsiveness (using the patient's level of change related to the individually obtained varying SE for minimum clinically important difference). Eighty stable patients (GBS: 30, CIDP: 30, and MGUSP: 20) were assessed twice (entry: two observers; 2-4 weeks later: one observer), and 137 newly diagnosed or relapsing patients (GBS: 55, CIDP: 59, and IgM-MGUSP: 23) were serially examined with 12 months follow-up. Data modifications were needed to improve model fit for all measures. The sensory and motor scales demonstrated approximately equal and acceptable validity and reliability scores. Responsiveness scores were poor but slightly higher in RT-mISS compared to RT-NISs. Responsiveness was equal for the RT-motor scales, but higher in GBS compared to CIDP; responsiveness was poor in patients with MGUSP, suggesting a longer duration of follow-up in the latter group of patients.

Impairment measures versus inflammatory RODS in GBS and CIDP: a responsiveness comparison.

This study aimed to 'define responder' through the concept of minimum clinically important differences using the individually obtained standard errors (MCID-SE) and a heuristic 'external criterion' responsiveness method in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). One hundred and fourteen newly diagnosed or relapsing patients (GBS: 55, CIDP: 59) were serially examined (1-year follow-up). The inflammatory Rasch-built overall disability scale (I-RODS), Rasch-transformed MRC sum score (RT-MRC), and Rasch-transformed modified-INCAT-sensory scale (RT-mISS) were assessed. Being-a-responder was defined as having a MCID-SE cut-off ≥1.96. Also, the correlations between patients' scores on each scale and the EuroQoL health-status 'thermometer' (external criterion) were determined (higher correlation indicated better responsiveness). In both diseases, the SEs showed a characteristic 'U'-shaped dynamic pattern across each scales' continuum. The number of patients showing a meaningful change were higher for the I-RODS > RT-MRC > RT-mISS and were in GBS higher than CIDP patients. The MCID-SE concept using Rasch-transformed data demonstrated an individual pattern of 'being-a-responder' in patients with immune-mediated neuropathies, and the findings were validated by the external criterion responsiveness method. The I-RODS showed greater responsiveness compared with the MRC and INCAT-sensory scales, and its use is therefore recommended in future trials in GBS and CIDP.