Evaluation of treatment delays in hepatopancreatico-biliary surgery during the first COVID-19 wave.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused oncological services worldwide to face unprecedented challenges resulting in treatment disruption for surgical patients. Hepatopancreatico-biliary (HPB) cancers are characterised by rapid disease progression. This study aims to assess delays in receiving surgery for this patient cohort during the first COVID-19 wave. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgery between April and July 2020 (COVID-19 period) were compared with a control group from the preceding year. Delay in receiving surgery was defined as more than 50 days between referral and surgery date. Statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate predictors of delay and short-term outcomes. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 periods, 94 and 115 patients underwent surgery, respectively. No patients contracted COVID-19 postoperatively. Some 118 patients waited more than 50 days for surgery versus 91 who received surgery within 50 days from referral. Independent predictors for surgical delay were undergoing surgery in the COVID-19 era (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.1; p=0.015), referral pathway (OR 35.1, 95% CI 4.2-296; p=0.001) and presenting pathology (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.2-56.1; p=0.03). Short-term outcomes were comparable between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patient referral pathway and presenting pathology may contribute to delays in undergoing HPB cancer surgery during COVID-19 outbreaks. It is hoped that a better understanding of these factors will aid in designing shifts in healthcare policy during future pandemic outbreaks.

Predictors of recurrence following laparoscopic minor hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in the UK.

AIMS: Minor hepatectomy, which is increasingly carried out laparoscopically (LLR), is a cornerstone of curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The majority of relevant publications however originate from regions with endemic viral hepatitis. Although the incidence of HCC in the UK is increasing, little is known about outcomes following LLR. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing minor (involving ≤2 segments) LLR or open resection (OLR) at our institute between 2014 and 2021 were compared. Selection from a plethora of factors potentially impacting on overall (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) was optimised with Lasso regression. To enable analysis of patients having repeat resection, multivariate frailty modelling was utilised to calculate hazard ratios (HR). RESULTS: The analysis of 111 liver resections included 55 LLR and 56 OLR. LLR was associated with a shorter hospital stay (5 ± 2 vs. 7 ± 2 days; p < 0.001) and a lower comprehensive complication index (4.43 vs. 9.96; p = 0.006). Mean OS (52.3 ± 2.3 vs. 49.9 ± 3.0 months) and DFS (33.9 ± 3.4 vs. 36.5 ± 3.6 months; p = 0.59) were comparable between LLR and OLR, respectively (median not reached). Presence of mixed cholangiocarcinoma/HCC, satellite lesions and AFP level predicted OS and DFS. In addition tumour size was predictive of DFS. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population minor LLR was associated with shorter hospital stay and fewer complications while offering non-inferior long-term outcomes. A number of predictors for disease free survival have been elucidated that may aid in identifying patients with a high risk of disease recurrence and need for further treatment.

Liver transplantation in adults coinfected with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience of prospectively identifying and transplanting livers into HIV-positive patients. DESIGN: Liver transplantation in HIV-positive patients remains controversial. The finding of HIV is usually considered a contraindication to any form of transplantation. Previously reported cases are few and refer to patients who tested HIV positive after they had their liver transplantations or who seroconverted in the posttransplantation period. This is, to our knowledge, the only report of patients who were known to be HIV positive at the time of decision for listing for transplantation. METHODS: The medical records of five HIV-positive patients who received liver transplants in King's College Hospital, London, during a 5-year period (January 1995-December 1999) were reviewed. All five were known to be HIV positive at the time of listing for liver replacement. Three of them had end-stage liver disease due to hepatitis C (two of them had underlying Hemophilia A) while the other two had acute liver failure, one due to hepatitis B infection and one due to nonA-nonB-nonC hepatitis. In all but one patient the HIV infection had been asymptomatic. RESULTS: All patients survived the immediate posttransplantation period, but the three patients with hepatitis C died of complications of recurrent hepatitis C between 6 and 25 months posttransplantation. The other two patients are currently alive 4 and 34 months posttransplantation with good graft function and without complications from their HIV infection. CONCLUSION: The early outcome of liver transplantation in HIV seropositive patients can be good, and patients should not be excluded from transplantation if their liver disease determines their prognosis. More effective antiviral therapy for hepatitis C given posttransplantation, and for hepatitis B reinfection, should improve the longer-term outcome of HIV patients with end-stage liver disease due to hepatitis.

Surgery in Greece.

The expenditure on health care reached 7.8% of the gross domestic product in Greece in 1991. Almost 9000 specialized surgeons in 11 recognized specialties provide services to more than 10 million people living in Greece and 2 million visitors annually. Medical studies comprise a 6-year course of 5000 to 5500 teaching hours in 7 medical schools and are free. Organizational reform of the health care system in vital and long overdue to move the system into the 21st century. The quality of surgical services provided is high by international standards; cardiac surgery, organ transplantation, surgical oncology, and anesthesiology are some areas of excellence. In addition, Greece has a good record in medical technology and instrumentation. Research activities cover a range of subjects, and the number of clinical medicine articles from Greece that appear in peer-reviewed journals compares favorably with other larger countries. Reforms in the postgraduate training system and ongoing education are necessary.

Liver transplantation for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in children.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (a1-AT) deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism, which can cause liver disease. The condition is one of the most common genetic disorders in the Caucasian population. Here we review our experience with 21 children suffering from end-stage liver disease due to a1-AT deficiency. All children are PIZZ homozygotes. Nineteen of them initially presented with neonatal jaundice and two with hepatosplenomegaly in childhood. Twenty-five liver transplantations were performed. All children are currently alive at a median followup of 40 months. Liver replacement provides the only definite treatment for children with end-stage liver disease associated with a1-AT deficiency. Excellent results can be achieved by reducing waiting time for transplantation and by early referral to a liver transplant centre.