Prospective study evaluating the use of nasal glucagon for the treatment of moderate to severe hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes in a real-world setting.

In the present multicentre, open-label, prospective, phase III study, we evaluated the real-world effectiveness and ease of use of nasal glucagon (NG) in the treatment of moderate/severe hypoglycaemic events (HEs) in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Patients and caregivers were taught how to use NG (3 mg) to treat moderate/severe HEs, record the time taken to awaken or return to normal status, and measure blood glucose (BG) levels over time. Questionnaires were used to collect information about adverse events and ease of use of NG. In the efficacy analysis population, 69 patients experienced 157 HEs. In 95.7% patients, HEs resolved within 30 minutes of NG administration. In all the 12 severe HEs, patients awakened or returned to normal status within 15 minutes of NG administration without additional external medical help. Most caregivers reported that NG was easy to use. Most adverse events were local and of low to moderate severity. In this study, a single, 3-mg dose of NG demonstrated real-life effectiveness in treating moderate and severe HEs in adults with T1D. NG was well tolerated and easy to use.

A phase 3 multicenter, open-label, prospective study designed to evaluate the effectiveness and ease of use of nasal glucagon in the treatment of moderate and severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the home or school setting.

OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, open-label study was designed to evaluate real-world effectiveness and ease of use of nasal glucagon (NG) in treating moderate or severe hypoglycemic events in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: Caregivers were trained to administer NG (3 mg) to the child/adolescent with T1D during spontaneous, symptomatic moderate or severe hypoglycemic events, observe treatment response (defined as awakening or returning to normal status within 30 minutes), and measure blood glucose (BG) levels every 15 minutes. Data regarding adverse events and ease of use were solicited using questionnaires. RESULTS: The analysis population included 14 patients who experienced 33 moderate hypoglycemic events with neuroglycopenic symptoms and BG level ≤70 mg/dL. Patients returned to normal status within 30 minutes of NG administration in all 33 events. Mean BG levels increased from 55.5 mg/dL (range 42-70 mg/dL) at baseline to 113.7 mg/dL (range 79-173 mg/dL) within 15 minutes of NG administration. In most hypoglycemic events (93.9%), caregivers reported that NG administration was easy or very easy; they could administer NG within 30 seconds in 60.6% of events. There were no serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: A single 3-mg dose of NG was effective in treating moderate, symptomatic, hypoglycemic events in children and adolescents with T1D in a real-world setting. It was easy-to-use and reasonably well tolerated. NG shows promise as an effective, needle-free, and user-friendly alternative to injectable glucagon.

Diary of a daughter.

This is a personal account of my struggle as a young medical student after my mother was diagnosed with an incurable illness; she subsequently passed away. Through this story, I share my experience with the medical profession from the perspective of the daughter of a terminally ill mother.