[The association between physical inactivity and other behavioural risk factors of the development of chronic non-communicative diseases among the students]. / Assotsiatsiya gipodinamii i drugikh povedencheskikh faktorov riska razvitiya khronicheskikh neinfektsionnykh zabolevanii u studentov.

AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between the physical inactivity and other behavioural risk factors of the development of chronic non- communicable diseases among the young persons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 216 1-2 grade students at the mean age of 18.8±1.3 years including 136 women and 80 men educated at A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State Medical Stomatological University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, were recruited for the examination. RESULTS: The participants in the study were found to be at high risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases associated with their behavioral patterns, such as smoking and delivery (37.5% among the young men and 42.6% among the women). The bioimpedance observations revealed the augmentation of the body fat weight, the reduction of muscle mass, and the impairment of basal metabolism under the influence of hypodynamia that was also responsible for the change of homeostasis parameters revealed based on the results of the complete blood cell count. The sex-specific differences and those associated with physical activity were apparent in the prevalence of selected risk factors. The majority of the men characterized by the normal level of physical activity show the lowest occurrence of nutrition-related risk factors. However, it is the girls having no signs of hypodynamia that most frequently tend to calculate the nutritional value of their diet and follow the healthy meal strategies. The girls exhibiting the signs of physical inactivity present with the enlarged hip circumference whereas the hypodynamic men tend to show the enlarged waist circumference. The present study has demonstrated that nutritional motivation of the students depends on the level of their physical activity and smoking habits. Low physical activity appears to be responsible for the changes in the body composition and affects the parameters of homeostasis determined from the complete blood cell count. At the same time, the physical exercises are known to either prevent or slow down the development of many chronic non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disorders. This observation opens up the prospects for the prevention of such pathology by involving the students exhibiting the low level of physical activity in the physiotherapeutic programs. On the other hand, sports activities may contribute to socialization of the students by erasing the boundaries between those «fit¼ and «unfit¼ for such behaviour. Taken together, these considerations emphasize the necessity of the specialized programs for the students with the low level of physical activity and hypodynamia. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated the signs of hypodynamia in 37.5 and 43.6% of the young men and women respectively.

[The topical problems of physical health of the children and adolescents].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the level of the physical development and health of the children and adolescents depending on the age and sex using the methods and principles of pathophysiological investigations. The study involved 15,067 Moscow-based schoolchildren at the age varying from 7 to 17 years, including 7,760 boys and 7,307 girls. It was shown that the girls aged 7-14 and boys 8-16 years had body mass index (BMI) significantly different from the respective normal-for-age values. The boys aged 8 years or more had a significantly higher BMI than the girls of the same age which suggests a greater prevalence of the hypersthenic body type among the boys of this age group. The most intensive growth of body mass index was observed in both the girls and the boys during the period between 8 and 9 years. It is concluded that BMI in addition to gender and age is a major factor influencing the health status of the schoolchildren. The children and adolescents having the normal body type were characterized by a higher physical health index (PHI) in comparison to those with hypo- or hypersthenic body type. The index of physical health sharply decreased in both the boys and the girls within the first school year. A rise in the index of physical health was observed in the girls starting from the age of 14 years and in the boys from the age of 13 years. By the age of 17 years, the boys had a higher index of physical health in comparison with that in the girls. By the time of graduation from school, the index of physical health was lower regardless of gender than it was at the entry to school.

[Adipose tissue composition in puberty and postpuberty according to age, sex (gender), physical activity and alimentary behavior].

The study involved 110 adolescents from 15 to 22 years (35 boys, 75 girls). To assess eating habits and physical activity we used WHO questionnaires. We also analyzed anthropometry, bioimpedance data, parameters of the cardiovascular system: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate. It has been shown, that body mass index (BMI) in adolescents didn't correlate with the content of both total and visceral adipose tissue in the body and shoud not be used as a major diagnostic criterion of obesity. An excessive content of total adipose tissue was shown in 15% of the puberty and postpuberty teens. Visceral fat content was significantly higher in male, than female (3.03±3.31 vs 2.11±1.57%), independently of the total fat percentage (18.91±16.83 and 31.72±19.24% respectively). The visceral fat in the body begins to increase in age of 16. According to the authors, such an effect in boys and girls is associated with the final changes of puberty (concentration of sex steroids). Such hormons like testosterone and progesterone and estradiol have different effects on the white adipose tissue and play a key role in proceses of its differentiation and metabolism. Percentage of total adipose tissue depends on dietary habits in the first place ­ the predominance of fast food. A significant relationship of physical activity and the percentage of visceral fat was shown.

Mechanisms of maladaptation to physical exercise in Moscow schoolchildren.

Schoolchildren overloaded with learning do not have time to exercise and often have hypodynamia. Namely they show primarily such negative effects of hypokinesia as incorrect posture, insufficient muscular development, and obesity. Lack of physical activity has acute effect on the formation of the cardiovascular system in schoolchildren. Here we assess the level of physical development and the degree of adaptation to physical exercise in schoolchildren of different age and gender.