Bartter Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series.

Background and Objectives: Bartter syndrome (BS) is a rare group of autosomal-recessive disorders that usually presents with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, occasionally with hyponatremia and hypochloremia. The clinical presentation of BS is heterogeneous, with a wide variety of genetic variants. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available literature and provide an overview of the case reports and case series on BS. Materials and Methods: Case reports/series published from April 2012 to April 2022 were searched through Pubmed, JSTOR, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and DOAJ. Subsequently, the information was extracted in order to characterize the clinical presentation, laboratory results, treatment options, and follow-up of the patients with BS. Results: Overall, 118 patients, 48 case reports, and 9 case series (n = 70) were identified. Out of these, the majority of patients were male (n = 68). A total of 21 patients were born from consanguineous marriages. Most cases were reported from Asia (73.72%) and Europe (15.25%). In total, 100 BS patients displayed the genetic variants, with most of these being reported as Type III (n = 59), followed by Type II (n = 19), Type I (n = 14), Type IV (n = 7), and only 1 as Type V. The most common symptoms included polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, and dehydration. Some of the commonly used treatments were indomethacin, potassium chloride supplements, and spironolactone. The length of the follow-up time varied from 1 month to 14 years. Conclusions: Our systematic review was able to summarize the clinical characteristics, presentation, and treatment plans of BS patients. The findings from this review can be effectively applied in the diagnosis and patient management of individuals with BS, rendering it a valuable resource for nephrologists in their routine clinical practice.

Role of second look endoscopy in endoscopic submucosal dissection and peptic ulcer bleeding: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Second-look endoscopy (SLE) to prevent recurrent bleeding in patients with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and those undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is routinely being performed. Conflicting evidence exists regarding efficacy, risk, benefit, and cost-effectiveness. AIM: To identify the role and effectiveness of SLE in ESD and PUD, associated rebleeding and PUD-related outcomes like mortality, hospital length of stay, need for endoscopic or surgical intervention and blood transfusions. METHODS: A systematic review of literature databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase was conducted from inception to January 5, 2023. Randomized controlled trials that compared patients with SLE to those who did not have SLE or evaluated the role of prophylactic hemostasis during SLE compared to other conservative interventions were included. The study was conducted per PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42023427555:). RevMan was used to perform meta-analysis, and Mantel-Haenszel Odds ratio (OR) were generated using random effect models. RESULTS: A total of twelve studies with 2687 patients were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis, of which 1074 patients underwent SLE after ESD and 1613 patients underwent SLE after PUD-related bleeding. In ESD, the rates of rebleeding were 7% in the SLE group compared to 4.4% in the non-SLE group with OR 1.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 0.96 to 2.85; P = 0.07, whereas it was 11% in the SLE group compared to 13% in the non-SLE group with OR 0.8 95%CI: 0.50 to 1.29; P = 0.36. The mean difference in the blood transfusion rates in the SLE and no SLE group in PUD was OR 0.01, 95%CI: -0.22 to 0.25; P = 0.91. In SLE vs non-SLE groups with PUD, the OR for Endoscopic intervention was 0.29, 95%CI: 0.08 to 1.00; P = 0.05 while it was OR 2.03, 95%CI: 0.95 to 4.33; P = 0.07, for surgical intervention. The mean difference in the hospital length of stay was -3.57 d between the SLE and no SLE groups in PUD with 95%CI: -7.84 to 0.69; P = 0.10, denoting an average of approximately 3 fewer days of hospital stay among patients with PUD who underwent SLE. For mortality between SLE and non-SLE groups in PUD, the OR was 0.88, 95%CI: 0.45 to 1.72; P = 0.70. CONCLUSION: SLE does not confer any benefit in preventing ESD and PUD-associated rebleeding. SLE also does not provide any significant improvement in mortality, need for interventions, or blood transfusions in PUD patients. SLE decreases the hospital length of stay on average by 3.5 d in PUD patients.