Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived FeS-Co9S8/NCA Porous Aerogel Electrocatalyst as a High-Performance Cathode for Zinc-Air Batteries.

Herein, a novel strategy to establish a porous FeS-Co9S8/carbon aerogel (FeS-Co9S8/NCA) electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is fabricated via applying a green biomass carrageenan sulfuration method to CoFe-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The FeS-Co9S8/NCA exhibits optimized catalytic activity toward the OER with a lower overpotential of 322 mV, which is overmatched to the majority of transition metal sulfides (TMSs), as well as lifted long-term durability without evident variation in the LSV curves after 3000 cycles. Rechargeable liquid zinc-air battery (ZAB) assembled with FeS-Co9S8/NCA as the OER catalyst indicated a maximum power density of 176 mW cm-2 and superior cycling stability without raised polarization even after 48 h, outperforms commercial RuO2-based ZAB. Furthermore, the flexible solid-state ZAB built with FeS-Co9S8/NCA also demonstrated outdistance properties and bendability. The excellent performance stems from the hierarchical porous aerogel structure, which offers a multiscale mass/electron transport channel, together with the interfacial synergy effect between FeS and Co9S8, which serves as the active site of the OER reaction. Thus, this work instituted a novel strategy for obtaining both clean and efficient transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts for the OER reaction and an environmentally friendly biomass material-based sustainable electrocatalyst.

Determining the position of a fish passage facility entrance based on endemic fish swimming abilities and flow field.

Hydropower development can significantly mitigate climate change and reduce carbon emissions, but it can also have substantial negative impacts on river environments and fish biodiversity. Fish passage facilities are built to ensure sustainable hydropower development and the biodiversity of fish populations. The locations of the entrances to these facilities play a key role in their efficiency. This study presents a reliable approach that combines the swimming ability of fish and a numerical flow field simulation to determine the optimal location for a fish passage facility entrance. In this study, we used the Gujun Reservoir upstream of the Yangtze River as a case study. A field experiment was conducted, and the swimming abilities of eight endemic fish species in the upstream region of the Yangtze River were measured. Among the tested species, the fastest induced swimming speed (0.14 m/s) was achieved by Glyptothorax sinense, while the slowest critical swimming speed (0.30 m/s) was observed for Paracobitis potanini. We propose that the velocity near the fish passage facility entrance should be higher than the maximum induced swimming speed and lower than the minimum critical swimming speed, making the suitable range between 0.14 and 0.30 m/s. On this basis, velocity fields 500 m downstream of the dam of the Gujun Reservoir under 4 operating conditions with discharge flows of 5.7 m3/s, 23.3 m3/s, 32.5 m3/s, and 41.1 m3/s were calculated. The results showed that the flow field variation downstream of the dam was between 0.1 and 0.9 m/s. After comparing the suitable areas for the target species, the left bank at location 2 was recommended as the optimal location for the fish passage facility entrance in the Gujun Reservoir.