Longistylin A from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. disturbs glycerophospholipid metabolism and cytokinin biosynthesis of Nocardia seriolae.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease that bears certain similarities to tuberculosis, with a continuous increase in its incidence and a poor prognosis. In traditional Chinese medicine, the leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. are employed to treat wounds, malaria, coughs, and abdominal pain. AIM OF THE STUDY: In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of longistylin A (LGA), a natural stilbene isolated from C. cajan, as a potential antibiotic against nocardiosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LGA was isolated from the leaves of C. cajan and assessed using a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination against Nocardia seriolae. Multi-omics analysis encompassing genes, proteins, and metabolites was conducted to investigate the impact of LGA treatment on N. seriolae. Additionally, quantitative analysis of 40 cytokinins in N. seriolae mycelium was performed to assess the specific effects of LGA treatment on cytokinin levels. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine morphological changes induced by LGA treatment, particularly in the presence of exogenous trans-zeatin-O-glucoside (tZOG). The therapeutic effect of LGA was investigated by feeding N. seriolae-infected largemouth bass. RESULTS: LGA exhibited significant efficacy against N. seriolae, with MBC value of 2.56 µg/mL. Multi-omics analysis revealed that LGA disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism and hormone biosynthesis by notably reducing the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calmodulin-like protein. Treatment with LGA markedly disrupted 12 distinct cytokinins in N. seriolae mycelium. Additionally, the addition of exogenous tZOG counteracted the inhibitory effects of LGA on filamentous growth, resulting in mycelial elongation and branching. Furthermore, LGA treatment improved the survival rate of largemouth bass infected with N. seriolae. CONCLUSIONS: We found for the first time that LGA from C. cajan exhibited significant efficacy against N. seriolae by interfering with glycerophospholipid metabolism and cytokinin biosynthesis.

Pinostrobin from plants and propolis against human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 by modulating host AHR/CYP1A1 pathway and lipid metabolism.

Coronaviruses, as enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses, manipulate host lipid compositions to enable robust viral replication. Temporal modulation of the host lipid metabolism is a potential novel strategy against coronaviruses. Here, the dihydroxyflavone pinostrobin (PSB) was identified through bioassay that inhibited the increment of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) in human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Lipid metabolomic studies showed that PSB interfered with linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. PSB significantly decreased the level of 12, 13- epoxyoctadecenoic (12, 13-EpOME) and increased the level of prostaglandin E2. Interestingly, exogenous supplement of 12, 13-EpOME in HCoV-OC43-infected cells significantly stimulated HCoV-OC43 virus replication. Transcriptomic analyses showed that PSB is a negative modulator of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1signaling pathway and its antiviral effects can be counteracted by supplement of FICZ, a well-known AHR agonist. Integrative analyses of metabolomic and transcriptomic indicated that PSB could affect linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism axis through AHR/CYP1A1 pathway. These results highlight the importance of the AHR/CYP1A1 pathway and lipid metabolism in the anti-coronavirus activity of the bioflavonoid PSB.

Response Surface Modeling and Optimization of Enzymolysis Parameters for the In Vitro Antidiabetic Activities of Peanut Protein Hydrolysates Prepared Using Two Proteases.

Optimization of the enzymolysis process for preparing peanut protein hydrolysates using alcalase and trypsin was performed by employing the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables were solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L), enzyme-to-substrate ratio (E/S), pH, and reaction temperature, while the response variables were degree of hydrolysate (DH), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The highest DH (22.84% and 14.63%), α-amylase inhibition (56.78% and 40.80%), and α-glucosidase inhibition (86.37% and 86.51%) were obtained under optimal conditions, which were S/L of 1:26.22 and 1:30 w/v, E/S of 6% and 5.67%, pH of 8.41 and 8.56, and temperature of 56.18 °C and 58.75 °C at 3 h using alcalase (AH) and trypsin (TH), respectively. Molecular weight distributions of peanut protein hydrolysates were characterized by SDS-PAGE, which were mostly ˂10 kDa for both hydrolysates. Lyophilized AH and TH had IC50 values of 6.77 and 5.86 mg/mL for α-amylase inhibitory activity, and 6.28 and 5.64 mg/mL for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The IC50 of AH and TH against DPPH radical was achieved at 4.10 and 3.20 mg/mL and against ABTS radical at 2.71 and 2.32 mg/mL, respectively. The obtained hydrolysates with antidiabetic activity could be utilized as natural alternatives to synthetic antidiabetics, particularly in food and pharmaceutical products.