From liver to hormones: The endocrine consequences of cirrhosis.

Hepatocrinology explores the intricate relationship between liver function and the endocrine system. Chronic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis can cause endocrine disorders due to toxin accumulation and protein synthesis disruption. Despite its importance, assessing endocrine issues in cirrhotic patients is frequently neglected. This article provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine disturbances in liver cirrhosis. The review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Scielo databases, encompassing 172 articles. Liver cirrhosis is associated with endocrine disturbances, including diabetes, hypoglycemia, sarcopenia, thyroid dysfunction, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, bone disease, adrenal insufficiency, growth hormone dysfunction, and secondary hyperaldosteronism. The optimal tools for diagnosing diabetes and detecting hypoglycemia are the oral glucose tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring system, respectively. Sarcopenia can be assessed through imaging and functional tests, while other endocrine disorders are evaluated using hormonal assays and imaging studies. Treatment options include metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and insulin, which are effective and safe for diabetes control. Established standards are followed for managing hypoglycemia, and hormone replacement therapy is often necessary for other endocrine dysfunctions. Liver transplantation can address some of these problems.

Complicaciones cardiovasculares asociadas a la acromegalia. Estado del arte / Cardiovascular complications associated with acromegaly. A state-of-the-art

Resumen La acromegalia es una enfermedad rara, causada principalmente por un tumor hipofisiario secretor de hormona de crecimiento (GH), se caracteriza por tener progresión lenta y asociarse a un compromiso multisistémico, siendo el aparato cardiovascular uno de los más comprometidos, llegando, incluso, desde hace más de 10 años a representar la principal causa de muerte. Las complicaciones cardiovasculares se desarrollan como resultado de las concentraciones sanguíneas elevadas de la GH y del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1), los cuales ejercen efectos directos e indirectos sobre el endotelio, grandes vasos, riñón y los cardiomiocitos; produciendo hipertensión arterial, enfermedad valvular, arritmia cardiaca y una cardiopatía propia de la acromegalia denominada miocardiopatía acromegálica. Luego de la revisión bibliográfica actualizada relacionada con la fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento del compromiso cardiovascular, encontramos que desde el punto de vista cardiovascular los pacientes con acromegalia pueden variar desde un estado asintomático hasta presentar disfunción cardiaca severa, siendo los marcadores bioquímicos y exámenes de imagen herramientas diagnósticas que permiten evaluar el grado de afección cardiovascular para poder brindar un tratamiento individualizado. La normalización de los valores de la GH y del IGF-1 mejora los parámetros cardiovasculares y, por tanto, su pronóstico.

Abstract Acromegaly is a rare disease, mainly caused by a pituitary tumor secreting growth hormone. It is characterized by slow progression and is associated with a multisystemic involvement, being the cardiovascular system, one of the most involved, even reaching, more than 10 years ago, to represent the main cause of death. Cardiovascular complications develop as a result of elevated blood concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1, which exert direct and indirect effects on the endothelium, large vessels, kidney and cardiomyocytes; causing arterial hypertension, valve disease, cardiac arrhythmia and a specific heart disease called acromegalic cardiomyopathy. After the literature overview related to the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular involvement, we found that from a cardiovascular point of view, patients with acromegaly can range from an asymptomatic state to severe cardiac dysfunction, being the biochemical markers and imaging studies diagnostic tools that allow assessment the degree of cardiovascular disease in order to provide individualized treatment. The normalization of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels improves cardiovascular parameters, and therefore its prognosis.

Complicaciones de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19: Una revisión narrativa / Complicaciones de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19: Una revisión narrativa

Introducción: La obesidad en niños y adolescentes ha aumentado exponencialmente en todo el mundo. Asimismo, la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) ha conducido a una mayor tasa de obesidad pediátrica. El exceso de tejido adiposo genera una desregulación de hormonas como adiponectina, ghrelina y leptina, entre otras. Las alteraciones metabólicas pueden ocasionar enfermedad cardiovascular, dislipidemias, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, trastornos del sueño y mayor riesgo de COVID-19 severo. La obesidad tiene diferentes enfoques terapéuticos, como programas conductuales de pérdida de peso, tratamientos farmacológicos y procedimientos quirúrgicos. De esta manera, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportuno es importante para disminuir la mortalidad asociada a la obesidad en la población pediátrica.

Introduction: Obesity in children and adolescents has increased exponentially worldwide. Likewise, the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has led to a higher rate of pediatric obesity. Excess adipose tissue leads to dysregulation of hormones such as adiponectin, ghrelin and leptin, among others. Metabolic alterations can lead to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemias, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep disorders and increased risk of severe COVID-19. Obesity has different therapeutic approaches, such as behavioral weight loss programs, pharmacological treatments and surgical procedures. Thus, timely diagnosis and treatment is important to decrease obesity-associated mortality in the pediatric population.

Complications of obesity in children and adolescents during covid-19 pandemic: A narrative review

Obesity in children and adolescents has increased exponentially around the world. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a higher pediatric obesity rate. The excess adipose tissue generates a dysregulation of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin, among others. Metabolic alterations can develop cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemias, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep disorders, and higher risk of COVID-19 severity. Obesity has different therapeutic approaches such as behavioral weight loss programs, pharmacologic treatments, and surgical procedures. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are important to decrease the mortality in obesity among pediatric population.

La obesidad en niños y adolescentes ha aumentado exponencialmente en todo el mundo. Asimismo, la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) ha conducido a una mayor tasa de obesidad pediátrica. El exceso de tejido adiposo genera una desregulación de hormonas como adiponectina, ghrelina y leptina, entre otras. Las alteraciones metabólicas pueden ocasionar enfermedad cardiovascular, dislipidemias, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, trastornos del sueño y mayor riesgo de COVID-19 severo. La obesidad tiene diferentes enfoques terapéuticos, como programas conductuales de pérdida de peso, tratamientos farmacológicos y procedimientos quirúrgicos. De esta manera, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportuno es importante para disminuir la mortalidad asociada a la obesidad en la población pediátrica.