Production and separation of 163Ho for nuclear physics experiments.

This paper describes the production and chemical separation of the 163Ho isotope that will be used in several nuclear physics experiments aiming at measuring the neutrino mass as well as the neutron cross section of the 163Ho isotope. For this purpose, several batches of enriched 162Er have been irradiated at the Institut Laue-Langevin high flux reactor to finally produce 6 mg or 100 MBq of the desired 163Ho isotope. A portion of the Er/Ho mixture is then subjected to a sophisticated chemical separation involving ion exchange chromatography to isolate the Ho product from the Er target material. Before irradiation, a thorough analysis of the impurity content was performed and its implication on the produced nuclide inventory will be discussed.

HOLMES: The electron capture decay of [Formula: see text]Ho to measure the electron neutrino mass with sub-eV sensitivity.

The European Research Council has recently funded HOLMES, a new experiment to directly measure the neutrino mass. HOLMES will perform a calorimetric measurement of the energy released in the decay of [Formula: see text]Ho. The calorimetric measurement eliminates systematic uncertainties arising from the use of external beta sources, as in experiments with beta spectrometers. This measurement was proposed in 1982 by A. De Rujula and M. Lusignoli, but only recently the detector technological progress allowed to design a sensitive experiment. HOLMES will deploy a large array of low temperature microcalorimeters with implanted [Formula: see text]Ho nuclei. The resulting mass sensitivity will be as low as 0.4 eV. HOLMES will be an important step forward in the direct neutrino mass measurement with a calorimetric approach as an alternative to spectrometry. It will also establish the potential of this approach to extend the sensitivity down to 0.1 eV. We outline here the project with its technical challenges and perspectives.

[Treatment of pediatric outpatients with complicated urinary tract infections]. / Tratamento ambulatorial de crianças com infecção urinária complicada.

In an open and prospective study involving outpatient children with complicated urinary tract infections (UTI), we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of ceftriaxone administered intramuscularly, once-daily--50 to 70 mg/kg, during 8 to 10 days. Initially, the selected patients exhibited at least two of the following clinical criteria: age below 6 months, any degree of toxicity, fever, strong suspicion or proved abnormalities of their urinary tracts and lumbar pain in children older than 4 years. Significant bacteriuria was demonstrated by urine culture in 40 patients (21 boys, 19 girls), whose ages ranged from 15 days to 6 years 9 months (median 3 months). The radiological studies revealed vesicoureteral reflux in 6 patients, urethral posterior valve in 1, and neurogenic bladder in 4. The main causative agents were Escherichia coli isolated in 30 patients, Klebsiella (4) and Proteus (4). The treatment was found to be effective in 38 patients (95%). There was failure of treatment in 1 patient and a symptomatic reinfection in another one. It was concluded that children with complicated UTI could be treated alternatively by once daily ceftriaxone.

Herniated gravid uterus through an incisional hernia treated with the component separation technique.

Herniation of a gravid uterus through an incisional hernia of the anterior abdominal wall is a rare but serious condition due to the potentially severe maternal and foetal risks. Because of the rarity of the condition, no consensus exists regarding the optimal treatment. The component separation technique (CST) has proven to be effective for the treatment of those giant abdominal hernias in which prosthetic material utilisation is not indicated. We report the case of a woman who presented at 38 weeks of gestation with non-reducible herniation of the pregnant uterus through an anterior abdominal wall incisional hernia treated with CST immediately after caesarean section. Review of the existing literature is performed to further underline the efficacy of CST and the need for the practising surgeons to be familiar with this technique and the scenarios when it may become extremely valuable.

Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance in paediatric surgery: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and new sequences.

The aim of the study was to evaluate fast magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) sequences as an alternative and safe investigation method for neonatal and children's pancreaticobiliary diseases. Between January 2000 and December 2000, five children (age: 1 month 14 years; mean: 7 years) affected by pancreaticobiliary diseases or already operated for biliary pathologies were studied. Patients were evaluated by 1.5 T magnet single shot T2-weighted sequences (1 image per s, TR = infinite, TE = 150-180 ms). T1-weighted conventional sequences were obtained to study parenchymal tissue. No patient needed general anaesthetic. Only in one case was sedation necessary. Fast MRCP sequences provided very precise information on biliary tract anatomy. They revealed the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts, the gallbladder, the common bile duct and the bilio-pancreatic junction in all cases investigated. MRCP allowed us to evaluate Roux-en-Y type bilio-enteric anastomosis as accurately as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). In addition MRCP was the only reliable study in evaluating Roux-en-Y type anastomosis where ultrasonography (US) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) could not be used. In conclusion MRCP is an accurate and non-invasive method with which to investigate the anatomy of the pancreaticobiliary tract in children. It could become the investigation of choice after US in the case of biliary and pancreatic diseases.

Potential weekly intake of artificial food colours by 3-14-year-old children in Brazil.

The Potential Weekly Intake (PWI) of artificial food colours by 3-14-year-old children living in the District of Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, was estimated on the basis of average consumption data of artificially coloured food and analytically determined colour concentration in foodstuffs ingested. Coloured food consumption data were obtained through dietary recall interviews and collection of the packages and/or labels of the coloured foods consumed during a two-week period. Colours found in the individual types of foods detected through the consumption survey were identified and determined by methods that included wool dyeing and polyamide column extractions, ascending paper chromatography and spectrophotometry. The results showed that all artificial colours used in the composition of 83 commercial food products, including jellies, juices, soft drinks, syrups and 57 different candies, were permitted for use in food in Brazil the year the survey was conducted (1986), in amounts below those prescribed by law. Statistical analysis performed to compare the PWI for different population groups demonstrated that young male children, especially from lower social classes, were most exposed to artificial colours. Comparison of the estimated potential intakes with the toxicologically Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) showed that consumption of Amaranth, Sunset Yellow, Indigotine and Tartrazine by all children in the study represented approximately 24%, 3%, 0.05% and 0.4%, of the actual ADI values, respectively.

[True splenic cysts. Two clinical cases]. / Le cisti spleniche vere. Due casi clinici.

Two case reports of epidermoid cyst of the spleen are presented. Only 700 cases have been reported so far. Although splenic cysts are benign lesions and could involve spontaneously, the risk of rupture of a large cyst is high, so a diameter of 5 cm was suggested as the higher limit for nonsurgical treatment. For many years the surgical treatment of splenic epidermoid cysts was splenectomy: however recognition of the short and long-term complications of radical splenectomy had led to the practice of splenic preservation (partial splenectomy, total cystectomy, laparoscopic cyst decapsulation).