Soy milk as an emulsifier in mayonnaise: physico-chemical, stability and sensory evaluation.

Mayonnaise is an oil in water emulsion and egg components are its emulsifier. In this research application of soy milk to stabilize mayonnaise was studied. Egg was replaced with full fat soy flour-prepared soy milk at levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100 % and microstructure, stability, color, viscosity and sensory analysis were performed and results were compared with those of control samples containing yolk and whole egg as emulsifier. Results showed that yolk-prepared control (YC) had higher stability and viscosity values and the value of these two attributes decreased as more amounts of soy milk was used. In the case of viscosity there was no statistical difference between soy milk-prepared samples and egg-prepared control (EC) up to 75 % replacement. Color factors changed, which were affected by different proportions of soy milk. Sensory evaluation showed no statistical difference in acceptability of EC and samples with substitution levels up to 50 %. So it can be concluded that egg can be substituted with soy milk in mayonnaise.

A comparison of serum and EDTA plasma in the measurement of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) and autoantibodies to islet antigen-2 (IA-2A) using the RSR radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) and tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (islet antigen-2 antibodies; IA-2A) are used in clinical practise to identify type 1 diabetes. METHODS: GADA and IA-2A were measured with RSR-ELISA kits in samples from 76 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children and 120 healthy controls. The aim was to evaluate performance of RSR-ELISA kits for GADA and IA-2A when serum and Ca2+ treated plasma were used. RESULTS: GADA achieved high area under the curve (AUC) both for serum 0.95 (95% CI 0.90-0.99) and for Ca2+ treated plasma 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.99). At specificity 98%, sensitivity was 84% for serum and 87% for Ca2+ treated plasma. IA-2A achieved AUC 0.92 (95% CI 0.87-0.97) for serum and 0.94 (95% CI 0.90-0.98) for Ca2+ treated plasma. Using the lowest standard (15 WHO-Units/ml) as cut-off, specificity for serum was 100% and for Ca2+ treated plasma 99% with sensitivity 74% in both cases. Sensitivity was higher in ELISA compared to RIA (74%; p = 0.0080) for GADA measurement and similar for ELISA and RIA IA-2A measurements (76%; p = 0.50). CONCLUSION: Both RSR-ELISAs, GADA and IA-2A showed excellent performance for serum as well as for Ca2+ treated plasma.